ISSN 2756-3413
Short Communication
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (9), pp. 001-003, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Biolistic inoculation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with South African cassava mosaic virus
M. Makwarela1,2, N.J. Taylor2, C.M. Faquet2 and M.E.C. Rey1*
1School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
2International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology (ILTAB), Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, Missouri, U.S.A.
Accepted 14 June, 2019
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is undoubtedly the most widespread disease in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in sub-Saharan Africa. While African cassava mosaic virus-Kenya (ACMV-KE), African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (ACMV-UG), African cassava mosaic virus-India (ACMV-IC), East African cassava mosaic virus-Cameroon (EACMV-CM) and a recombinant East African cassava mosaic virus-India/Cameroon (EACMV-CM/IC) can be transmitted easily and repeatedly to Nicotiana benthamiana plants, difficulty in mechanical transmission and multiplication of EACMV-UG and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) in N. benthamiana appears to place them biologically in a different group. In vitro grown 3-week-old cassava plants were biolistically inoculated with SACMV DNA A and B dimers and infectivity measured using a system based on visual assessment. We report for the first time successful infection, induced by SACMV DNA A and B dimer, of cassava cultivar TMS60444 using biolistic inoculation. Typical mosaic symptoms started to show at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) in infected cassava plants, and SACMV replication was confirmed using PCR. Potential applications of biolistic infection of SACMV are also discussed.
Key words: Cassava, biolistic, inoculation, SACMV.
M. Makwarela, C.M. Faquet and M.E.C. Rey*, N.J. Taylor
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Research Article
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Genetic variation among active and inactive transmitters of Maize streak virus within a population of Cicadulina storeyi China (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Sunday Oluwafemi
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, P.M.B.5320, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 10 May, 2019
Abstract
This study was undertaken to delineate active transmitters from inactive ones within a population of Cicadulina storeyi China, vector of Maize streak virus (MSV), genus Mastrevirus using Mendelian crosses, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and isozyme esterase analysis. This study indicated that the variation is genetic. Four out of six Mendelian crosses perfectly fitted the expected ratio. Molecular studies with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and isozymic studies with esterase analysis showed significant polymorphism and were useful to separate active and inactive transmitters within C. storeyi population. MSV was detected within the vectors through PCR and IC-PCR. IC-PCR was used to show that there was no difference in the distribution of MSV within active and inactive C. storeyi as the virus was detected in the head, thorax and abdomen of active and inactive transmitters.
Key words: Cicadulina stroreyi, crosses, active/inactive transmitters, polymorphism.
Sunday Oluwafemi
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (9), pp. 001-012, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Hepatitis C virus (HCV): ever in reliable partnerships?
Amador-Cañizares Yalena* and Dueñas-Carrera Santiago
Hepatitis C Department, Division of Vaccines, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Postal Zone 10600, Havana City, Cuba.
Accepted 09 May, 2019
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a parenterally transmitted hepatotropic pathogen. HCV infection is a major health problem worldwide, frequently causing cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is no preventive vaccine against HCV and treatment, consisting of interferon alpha plus Ribavirin, is generally effective in less than 50% of cases. HCV has evolved mechanisms for surviving in the host. Infection with multiple different HCV variants, as well as interaction with concurrent pathogens, might be successful strategies for viral persistence. The present review illustrates the current status of HCV co- infection with highly relevant pathogens. Issues regarding tropism, disease progression and antiviral treatment response, among other aspects, are discussed. Data accumulated reveal that HCV co-infection should not be considered the mere sum of several independent infections. Some significant questions are still unanswered. Therefore, nowadays, it might be more reasonable to face HCV co-infections as a new biological, clinical and even predominant epidemiological entity.
Key words: Hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, co-infection.
Dueñas-Carrera Santiago, Amador-Cañizares Yalena*
Page: 1 - 12
Research Article
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (8), pp. 001-010, August, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Diversity of banana streak-inducing viruses in Nigeria and Ghana: Twice as many sources detected by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) than by TAS-ELISA or IC-PCR
Bright Agindotan1,4*, Stephan Winter2, Dietrich Lesemann3, Anthony Uwaifo4, Jacob Mignouna1, Jacqueline Hughes1, George Thottappilly1
1International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany.
3Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany.
4Biochemistry Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Accepted 15 May, 2019
Abstract
Our previous study had shown that some Musa leaf samples with Banana streak symptoms tested negative for Banana streak virus (BSV) in triple antibody-sandwich ELISA (TAS-ELISA). Therefore, in this study 63 additional Musa leaf samples were tested for BSV by TAS -ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and immunocapture polymerase chain reaction (IC- PCR). Sensitivity tests by sap dilution end-point analyses indicated that IC-PCR was considerably more sensitive than IEM for detecting typical BSV, while IEM proved to be of similar sensitivity as TAS-ELISA. However, when leaf samples of Musa plants, obtained from different farmers’ fields in Nigeria and Ghana and some Nigerian sources maintained in the greenhouse were screened for BSV, more than twice as many samples revealed BSV-like particles by IEM than were detected by TAS-ELISA or IC -PCR. Of the 51 leaf samples that were BSV positive in all tests taken together, 48 were positive by IEM, 25 by IC- PCR and only 19 by TAS-ELISA. Upon IEM examination, typical bacilliform BSV-like particles were clearly recognized although in very diverse concentrations. Bacilliform particles deviating in length from the main particle populations or showing an angularly bent morphology were found. Occasionally, in certain samples and with certain antisera the IEM decoration tests revealed mixtures of strongly decorated and weakly decorated BSV-like particles or bacilliform particles which did not at all react with the antibodies available. This proved, the occurrence, besides the presence of typical BSV, of diverse populations of BSV-like viruses in West Africa
Key words: Banana streak virus, diversity, serological assays, immunoelectron microscopy, immunocapture PCR.
Dietrich Lesemann, Stephan Winter, George Thottappilly, Jacob Mignouna, Jacqueline Hughes, Anthony Uwaifo, Bright Agindotan*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Application of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers to study the resistance of locally adapted maize hybrids to damaging maize streak virus disease
Jedida Danson*, Martin Lagat , Jane Ininda and Michael Kimani
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya.
Accepted 12 May, 2019
Abstract
Simple sequence repeat markers were used to study S6 recombinant inbred lines originating from a single cross between two inbred lines OSU 23i and EM12-210, for resistance to maize streak virus disease. A total of 115 recombinant inbred lines belonging to three families previously selected using conventional methods were screened using 52 SSR markers contained between Bin 1.04 and 1.05 of maize chromosome 1. Of these, only three markers were chosen on the basis of their polymorphism content for use in the study. This paper discusses the results of combined selection with both artificial inoculation and the three selected SSR markers. The use of artificial inoculation detected 78 resistant lines and 36 susceptible lines. On the other hand, the SSR markers detected 40 resistant lines, and 74 susceptible lines. But a combination of both the artificial inoculation and SSR marker selection reduced the number of resistant lines to 29 and increased the number of susceptible lines to 85. With these findings it was concluded that, a conventional maize breeder requires the use of molecular markers in order to improve selection intensity and maximize genetic gain.
Key words: simple sequence repeats (SSRs), maize streak virus disease, resistance, marker assisted selection
Martin Lagat, Jedida Danson*, Jane Ininda and Michael Kimani
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (8), pp. 001-008, August, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Cowpea viruses: Quantitative and qualitative effects of single and mixed viral infections
M. A. Taiwo* and O. J. Akinjogunla
Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
Accepted 09 April, 2019
Abstract
Multiple viral infections have been reported on cultivated commercial cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria. In this study, the effect of inoculating two commercial cultivars (cvs) (“Oloyin” and “Olo II’) and two lines from IITA (Ife Brown and TVu-76) with buffer, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic (CABMV), Cowpea mottle (CMeV) and Southern bean mosaic (SBMV) viruses individually as well as in mixtures (CABMV+ CMeV, CABMV+ SBMV, CMeV+SBMV, and CABMV+ CMeV+SBMV) at 10 and 28 days after planting (DAP) on the growth, yield and nutritive content of seeds from infected plants were evaluated. The age of the plants at time of infection and the different viral treatments significantly affected the different parameters assessed. The average height of plants inoculated 10 DAP were significantly shorter than those of plants inoculated 28 DAP. Inoculating with single, double and triple viruses (10 DAP) resulted in 19-34%, 31-46% and 42- 53% reductions in plant height, respectively. Viral infections also resulted in significant reductions in the number of pods and seeds produced. Plants inoculated with the three viruses 10 DAP produced the least number of pods and seed. Viral treatments resulted in the production of seeds with a lower protein content of 24.8-28.9% compared with the 28.5-30.4% protein in seeds from the control plants. Plants inoculated 10 DAP with the triple viruses produced the seeds with the least protein content (24.8-27.1%). The carbohydrate, fat and moisture contents of seeds from virus infected plants were however slightly higher than those of the control plants while the ash contents were lower. Generally, the commercial cowpea cvs were more severely affected by the viral treatments. These results indicate that infection at an early age and by multiple viruses can have devastating effects on the growth, yield and the nutritional quality of cowpea.
Key words: Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, cowpea mottle virus, southern bean mosaic virus, cowpea virus-induced yield loss, cowpea seed protein content.
O. J. Akinjogunla, M. A. Taiwo*
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