African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibiotics sensitivity patterns of Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes isolated from well water in Ile– Ife, Nigeria

Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon^1,3*, Mary Adejumoke Bisi -Johnson³, Oyinade Aina Agboola⁴, Bridget Oluwatoyin Fadeyi² and Adebanke Oluwatosin Adejuwon⁵

¹Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Information Technology and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Nursing, Faculty of Information Technology and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Physical and Health Education, Adeyemi College of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ondo State, Nigeria.

⁵Department of Human Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 17 March, 2012

Abstract

Ten wells were arbitrarily chosen for study in Sabo area in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The water samples were collected to estimate the extent of faecal pollution and the probable health hazard the use of these well waters can impound on the community. Coliform count was determined using the Most Probable Number (MPN) Technique. The indicator organisms in this study were Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes. Samples of water obtained from the wells were considered unsafe for human consumption, especially when used untreated, because they contain a high density of coliforms. Various morphological, cultural characteristics and biochemical tests were also carried out on the indicator organisms. E. coli was sensitive to cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicine and nalidixic acid but resistant to nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, cephalocidine, sulphafurazole, carbenicillin and sulfamethazole while Aerobacter aerogenes was sensitive to colistin, gentamicine and nitrofurontoin but resistant to the remaining antibiotics of the Gram negative disc. For the U4-disc, Escherichia coli was susceptible to colistin sulphate but resistant to all the other antibiotics. Aerobacter aerogenes was resistant to all the U4 antibiotics discs. It is recommended that a major programme which will intimate rural and urban dwellers of the sources, risk and consequences of water pollution and water-borne diseases should be carried out in the near future.

Key words: Antibiotics sensitivity patterns, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, well water.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full length Research paper

Helicobacter pylori infection on medical students: A study on MAG Osmani Medical College, Bangladesh

Jahan H.¹, Chowdhury O. A.² and Uddin M. J.³*

¹Department of Microbiology, Sylhet Women’s Medical College, Bangladesh.

²Department of Microbiology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Bangladesh,

³Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Accepted 19 October, 2012

Abstract

An attempt had been made to investigate the seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection with influencing factors affecting the new entrants and final year medical students. The study was based on the analysis of primary data taken from new entrants and final year MBBS students of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Bangladesh. To detect H. pylori IgG among first year and final year medical students, we compared the seroprevalence of H. pylori lgG between two groups and found influencing factors affecting the seroprevalence and any association between them. In this study, 80 students from each group were studied. Relevant variables were taken in a pre-designed questionnaire. H. pylori lgG was detected by using ELISA method. The study showed that in first year 41 (50%) and in final year 47 (about 59%) students were H. pylori lgG positive respectively. Numerically final year students were more affected by H. pylori than new entrants. The study revealed that in first year, positive seroprevalence of H. pylori significantly differed with only travel history of students. On the other hand, in final year, positive seroprevalence of H. pylori significantly differ with gender of students. Further study needed to be carried out for large scale population to make general inference about seroepidemiology of H. pylori.

Key words: Helicobacter pylori, seroprevalence, seroepidemiology.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

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Exploration of antibacterial effects on the crude extract of marine ascidian Aplidium multiplicatum against clinical isolates

P. Sivaperumal, G. Ananthan and S. Mohamed Hussain*

Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502,Tamil Nadu, India.

Accepted 19 October, 2012

Abstract

In vitro antibacterial screening of a marine ascidian Aplidium multiplicatum, collected from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India, against selected clinical isolates of bacteria was conducted in this study. The crude ethyl acetate extract was more active, exhibiting a broad spectrum antibacterial activity than the crude methanol extract and petroleum ether extract against each of the bacterial strains tested. Maximum inhibition zone (17 mm) was observed against the gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa in crude ethyl acetate extract, followed by methanol extract showed activity (12.5 mm) and the petroleum ether extract of A. multiplicatum showed minimum inhibition zone (1 mm) against Klebsiella oxytoca. The range of MICs were high in ethyl acetate extract (1.80 mg/ml) and it was low in the petroleum ether (0.25 mg/ml). The range of MBCs was high in the ethyl acetate extract (2.05 mg/ml) and low concentration was observed in petroleum ether (0.55 mg/ml). Hence an attempt was made on the present study to investigate the potent antibacterials from marine ascidian.

Key words: Antibacterials, ascidians, clinical isolates, MIC, MBC.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-009, August, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Temporal variations in the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in ground water according to land use patterns in Mysore district, India

Wadie Ahmed Mokbel and Sadanand M Yamakanamardi*

Aquatic Microbial Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore- 570 006, Karnataka State, India.

Accepted 10 March, 2012

Abstract

Temporal variations in the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria were studied from February 2005 to January 2007, in ground waters from Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial land use areas. The lowest mean abundance (AODG ml^-1) of Free Living Bacteria (2.2 × 10⁵), Particle Bound Bacteria (0.07 ×10⁵) and Total Bacteria (2.28 ×10⁵) was recorded in ground water of Agricultural area; and the highest (1.07 × 10⁶, 1.13 ×10⁵ and 1.70 ×10⁶, respectively) in that of Domestic area. In this investigation, 2.79% of the total bacteria determined by Acridine Orange staining in the ground water of Agricultural area could be grown on the artificial nutrient agar media and the comparative proportion in groundwater under the industrial area was 3.60 and 4.69% in the domestic area. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that several Physico-chemical parameters (Lab pH, air temperature, water temperature, conductivity, rainfall, BOD, CO₂, alkalinity, hardness, ca, Mg, PO₄, CL₂, NO₃, SO₄, Total Anion of Strong Acid, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids) (p < .05) were potentially responsible for some of the temporal variations in heterotrophic bacterial abundance, suggesting the influence of landuse-specific environmental stressors on the biota in these ecosystems.

Key words: Temporal variation, heterotrophic bacterial abundance, colony forming units, Acridine Orange Direct Count, Direct Epifluroscence Microscopic Technique, ground water, land use patterns.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Bacteriology of automobile accident wounds infection

Akinjogunla, O. J.¹*, Adegoke, A. A.¹, Mboto, C. I.², Chukwudebelu, I. C.¹ and Udokang, I. P.¹

¹Department of microbiology, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria.

²Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 January, 2012

Abstract

Purulent materials were collected aseptically with the aid of sterile swab sticks from Forty (40) patients with automobile accident wounds at University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) and James Accident and Bone Victim Hospital (JABH) in Uyo. These samples were examined microbiologically for the presence of aerobic bacteria and the susceptibility of these organisms to different conventional antibiotics was assessed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. A total of Seventy-four (74) bacterial isolates were obtained from the wound cultures. A single etiological agent was identified in 13 (32.5%) samples while multiple agents were found in 26 (65%), but no bacterial isolate was obtained in one case. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant microorganism (37.8%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.0%), Escherichia coli (14.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (12.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.11%). Automobile accident wound infection was most prevalent in the age group of 21 - 40 and less prevalent in the age group 61 and above. Automobile accident infection was more prevalent (71.6%) in males than in females (28.4%).The results of the antibiotics susceptibility showed that most of the isolates were highly resistant to penicillin (80.4%), streptomycin (67%) and gentamycin (71.6%), and moderately sensitive to augmentin (46.2%), and nalidixic acid (56.8%), but highly sensitive to ofloxacin (81.6%), ciprofloxacin (75.8%) and pefloxacin (81%). The findings of this study showed that ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin may be drugs of choice for the treatment of automobile accident wound infection, while penicillin, streptomycin and gentamycin may not be used unless culture and sensitivity tests are done.

Key words: Prevalence, susceptibility, automobile, wound, bacteriology, Uyo.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-005, July, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full length Research paper

Efficacy of some antibacterial agents on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various burn cases

Ihsan Edan Alsaimary

Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Republic of Iraq. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 23 February, 2012

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the major bacterial types from various burn cases and a study of antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from burn cases in comparison with standard antibiotics.A total of 35 specimens were collected from burned patients (both sex, various degrees of burns) in burns unit of Al-Basrah General Hospital and Alsader Teaching Hospital in Basrah city during October 2006 to August 2007. Aqueous extracts from leaves and fruits of Zizyphus spine christi L. and Olea europaea L. were used as antibacterial agents against S. aureus isolated from burned patients in comparison with standard antibiotics.The predominant bacterial types are Pseudomonas sp. (74.19%) (23 isolates) followed by S. aureus (54.83%) (17 isolates), another types distributed in various percentages from burn cases. The greatest effect of plant extracts was for 1000 µg/ml of leaves of Z. spain -christe which gave 20 mm of inhibition zone; the fruit of O. europaea: 1000 Mg/ml gave 16 mm; while the standard antibiotics gave the following diameters of growth inhibition zones: kanamycin and gentamicin (26 mm), neomycin (25 mm), cephalexin (24 mm), fusidic acid (22 mm), tobramycin (16 mm).Various burns are highly infected with diversity of bacterial pathogens, the plant extracts shows a variable activity against S . aureus.

Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics, burn cases