African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Efficacy of Cestrum nocturnum Whole Plant Against Microbial Pathogens

Murad Ali Khan1*, Humaira Inayat2,3, Haroon Khan4,5, Mohammmad Saeed4, Ikhtair Khan3 and Inayat-Ur-Rahman2

1Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan.
2Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Jamrud Road, Peshawar, Pakistan.
3Department of Chemistry University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
4Department of Pharmacy University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
5Gandhara College o f Pharmacy, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Accepted 09 March, 2025

The crude methanol extract of the whole plant of Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae) and its subsequent fractions were tested against various bacterial and fungal strains. With the exception of Salmonella typhi, the tested samples showed marked antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aurous, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexenari. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 19 to 280 µg/ml. The crude extract and fractions were also susceptible to Candida species and Microsporium canis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for various fungi ranged from 170 to 290 µg/ml. In phytochemical analysis, the crude form and fractions of plant showed the presence of various phytochemical chemical groups like glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, sterols and tannins. Therefore, the current findings can be attributed to these groups.

Key words: Cestrum nocturnum L., antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessing the Diagnostic Utility of E-test and Disk Diffusion for Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli in UTI

Y. Erfani1, A. Rasti2*, A. Mirsalehian3, S. M. Mirafshar3, V. Ownegh3

1Department of Laboratory medicine, School of Allied health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box:
13185-1678, Tehran, Iran.
2School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 15 February, 2025

Multidrug resistant strains of Escherichia coli are becoming a major challenge in treatment of patients with urinary tract infection. Developing effective screening methods for selection of antimicrobial resistant strains is necessary. In this study, we have compared descriptively results of E-test with Disk diffusion agar method in selection of multidrug resistant strains of E. coli among patients with urinary tract infection. In disk diffusion test, 19 of 256 urine collections were resistant to 5 antibiotics used in the study. Later E-test was performed on these 19 collections with the same 5 antibiotics. In E-test, 10.5% of the specimens were sensitive to Bacterim, 21.1% to gentamicin, 47.7% to nitrofurantoin, 10.5% to ciprofloxacin and 10.5% to Ceftazidime. Results indicate that performing E-test on strains that were resistant in disk diffusion test may increase specificity in determination of multidrug resistant strains of E. coli in patients with urinary tract infection. This antibiotic susceptibility study showed difference between E-test and disk diffusion agar in assessing the antibiotic susceptibility and found E-test accuracy and its superiority to disk diffusion in detecting multidrug resistance.

Key words: Escherichia coli, resistance, E-test, disk diffusion.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-003, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Techniques for Entamoeba histolytica in Emergency Diarrhea Cases

Ozlem Aycan Kaya1, Hakan Oguzturk2, Muhammet Gokhan Turtay2, U. Nilgun Daldal3

1Çö nük District. Necip Fazil Kisakürek Street/ 4. Ihlamur Building, 2/6- Malatya, Turkey.
2Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
3Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.

Accepted 08 March, 2025

Antigen screening were conducted to stool samples from 60 patients admitted to our emergency department with diarrhea complaint between June 2009 and October 2009 by the methods of direct microscopic examination, trichrome staining, ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), respectively. As a result of examination of total 60 samples with direct microscopic, trichrome staining and ELISA method, it was detected positive in 7(11.3%), 6(9.7%) and 8(12.9%) samples, respectively. The presence of Entamoeba histolytica has been accepted exactly in the samples in which ELISA test results were positive and necessary treatment of patients has been started immediately. Due to precise pathogen protozoan discrimination has not been performed with the direct microscopic examination, it was emphasized that unnecessary drug therapy would be prevented as a result of detection of presence of E. histolytica specific antigen by ELISA in the samples sent to the laboratory with the diagnosis of amoebiasis by concerned physician.

Key words: Entamoeba histolytica, diarrhea, diagnosis.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-003, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Investigating the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Xylaria polymorpha Extracts

Nurcihan Hacioglu1, Ilgaz Akata2 and Basaran Dulger1*

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey.
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.

Accepted 1 March, 2025

The ethanolic extracts obtained from the macrofungus Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. (Ascomycetes) have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Growth inhibition using agar disc diffusion assays was determined against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Geotrichum capitatum ATCC 28576, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112. As a result of study, we have found that X. polymorpha revealed antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Especially, G. capitatum is more susceptible to the extracts.

Key words: Xylaria polymorpha, antimicrobial activity.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-003, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential: A Pharmacological Comparison of Berberis lycium and Penicillin G

Ihtisham Bukhari1*, Mukhtiar Hassan1, Fida M. Abbasi1, Ghulam Mujtaba2, Nasir Mahmood3, Noshin1, Anees Fatima1, Muhammad Afzal1, Mujaddad Ur Rehman1, Farzana Perveen1 and M. Tariq Khan1

1Hazara University, Garden Campus Mansehra Pakistan.
2PCR labs INMOL Lahore, Pakistan.
3Department of Allied Health sciences, University of Health sciences Lahore, Pakistan.

Accepted 1 March, 2025

The importance of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare practices provides opportunity to new areas of research. However, information on the uses of plants for medicine is lacking from many interior areas of District Mansehra. Keeping this in view, the present study was initiated. This study attempts to shade lights on the comparative pharmacological efficacy of Berberis lycium (medicinal plant) and drug penicillin G. The pharmacological activities of both the B. lycium and penicillin G were determined by disc diffusion method with incubation period of 24 to 48 h at 37°C. It was observed that, B. lycium showed excellent activity against the tested microorganism, Escherichia coli and Proteus (80 to 100%) and good activities against the tested microorganisms pseudomonas and staphylococcus (60 to 70%). While penicillin G showed excellent activity against all tested microorganisms. It is recommended that, B. lycium can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by tested microorganisms because of its excellent and good activity. It is also observed that, B. lycium do not have any adverse effect on those people who have this in long practice.

Key words: Berberis lycium, penicillin G, disc diffusion, pharmacological activity.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 19 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analysis of Complement C1, C3, and C4 Profiles in Sera from Leishmaniasis Cases in Turkey

Limoncu M. E.1*,    anlida    T.2, Balcio lu I. C.3, Akçali S.2, Özensoy S.4 and Özbel Y.4

1Department of Microbiology, Vocational School of Health Services, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
2Department of Microbiology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
3Department of Parasitology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
4Department of Parasitology, Ege University School of Medicine, zmir, Turkey.

Accepted 28 March, 2025

Leishmaniasis is still a problem for many countries including developed ones. The subgroups of the serum complements have significant roles on the onset of the infection. The aim of this study was to determine the serum complement (C1, C3, C4) levels of cases with definite diagnosis of leishmaniasis and compare them with healthy controls. The study group included 43 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and 13 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. Two control groups were formed for the study. The first control group included 50 individuals of the same age group having no health complaints, admitted for routine control and found to be serologically negative. The second control group included 28 individuals, consistent with the diagnostic criteria of VL. The serum complement levels of C1, C3 and C4 were measured by the nephelometric method. The average levels of C1 were found to be high in VL cases (78.98%) and low in CL (41.69%) group, which was statistically significant (p=0.011). In addition, the average levels of C3 were high in CL group (96.08%) and low in VL group (62.00%), which was also statistically significant (p=0.010) . C4 levels were found to be high in the control group, while similar in VL and CL groups. C1, C3, C4 levels were found to be lower in the first control group of healthy individuals. The levels of the subgroups of complement system show statistically significant in both VL and CL cases, which suggested that they could be useful in verifying the results of the serological examinations.

Key words: Leishmaniasis, complement levels, C1, C3, C4.