ISSN 2169-303X
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (5), pp. 276-283, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Protective role of gum arabic on modulation of indomethacin systemic toxicity
K. A. Pawa1*, Medienyo Esther2, Danfolio R. A4, George Anita 5 and Ahmadu R. Musa3
1WHO National Polio/ITD Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B.1414, Borno State, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Borno State, Nigeria.
3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Borno State, Nigeria.
4Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
5Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 30 April, 2016
Abstract
This study was conducted to screen for the antimicrobial potency of the leaves of fermented and non-fermented Camellia sinensis on some pathogenic clinical isolates, notably: coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Candida albicans; however, the major chemical compounds responsible for the activities was determined. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the inhibitory action of the leaves extracts on the tested pathogenic microorganisms. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) exhibited by the extracts against the isolates ranged between 3.125 and 6.25 mg/ml respectively. The zones of inhibition exerted by the extracts was significant (P<0.05) against the clinical isolates which ranged between 11.4 and 13.5 mm. The results revealed that the inhibitory activities displayed by these leaves extracts could be due to the presence of the phytochemical compounds found in the plant extracts.
Key words: Inhibition, phytochemical compounds, Camellia senensis, pathogenic, isolates
George Anita and Ahmadu R. Musa, Danfolio R. A, K. A. Pawa*, Medienyo Esther
Page: 276 - 283
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (5), pp. 299-306, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study on the Floral and Epidermal characteristics of two species of Ixora
Fayose O. Henry * and Freke R. Martins
Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 15 April, 2016
Abstract
Floral and epidermal characters of two species of Ixora were studied. The aim was to establish the useful diagnostic feature that may be employed in combination with other characters as intra and inter-specific or generic tools for their delimitation. The flowers of Ixora coccinea were hypostomatic while Ixora finlaysoniana flowers were hypoamphistomatic. The matured stomata types were anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, paracytic, laterocytic, brachyparacytic and hemiparacytic stomata. I. coccinea leaf and flower are different from I. finlaysoniana in having hemiparacytic stomata in the abaxial surfaces of the leaf and flower. Parallel contiguous stomata occurred only in I. finlaysoniana leaf while it was absent in I. coccinea. Long unicellular trichome were distributed on adaxial surface of I. coccinea. The shape of the anticlinal cell wall, stomatal index, guard cell area can be used to distinguish the species.
Key words: Epidermal, Ixora species, hypostomatic, hypoamphistomatic, trichome, stomata, anticlinal cell wall.
Freke R. Martins, Fayose O. Henry *
Page: 299 - 306
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (5), pp. 284-298, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Modulation of systemic toxicity of indomethacin by assessment of the hepatic and renal functions of liver, kidney and retina
Abdullah R. P1*, Mubarak G. L2, Faisal Dione al-Duwaish3 and Ibrahim Abdul El Hakami4
1Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, College of Medicine, Taif University Suez Canal University,
2Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Department of molecular biology, GEBRI. University of Sadat City,
3Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Azhar University.
4Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University.
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 22 April, 2016
Abstract
Indomethacin is the most widely used drugs in the recent years for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Overdose of indomethacin releases the highly toxic free radical inducing oxidative tissue damage and systemic toxicity. Gum arabic has anticarcinogenic effect and anti-oxidant effect with a protective role against hepatic and cardiac toxicities. This study investigates the protective role of gum arabic on modulation of indomethacin systemic toxicity. Eighty albino rats were used in this study, and were divided into four groups, with each group consisting of twenty rats. The Control group received water, the second group received indomethacin, the third group received gum arabic, whereas the fourth group received indomethacin with gum arabic for seven days. Evaluation of indomethacin systemic toxicity and protective role of gum arabic were done by assessment of the liver and renal function tests, coagulation profile, complete blood picture, oxidants and antioxidants parameters, and morphological changes of liver, kidney and retina. Overdose of indomethacin induced systemic toxicity was manifested by hepatic, renal and retinal histopathological changes. It led to statistical significant abnormalities of liver and renal function tests, complete blood picture and coagulation profile associated with significant disturbance of antioxidant mechanism. Administration of gum arabic with high dose of indomethacin induced significant improvement of its systemic toxicity manifestations in the rats
Key words: Indomethacin, gum arabic, toxicity.
Abdullah R. P*, Mubarak G. L, Faisal Dione al-Duwaish and Ibrahim Abdul El Hakami
Page: 284 - 298
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (5), pp. 272-275, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of phytoplasma infection associated with many weeds in and around Gorakhpur
Anikesh D. Sagal* and Khan Ranvidhi Jay
Department of Botany, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273009 (U.P.), India.
E-mail:[email protected]
Accepted 22 April, 2016
Abstract
Phytoplasmas have been documented in more than 100 weeds plant species, including dicots and monocots. The wide host range of phytoplasmas is an important parameter for the epidemiology of its diseases. Overlapping plant hosts and vectors also give ample opportunities for them to interact and exchange genetic information. Some of them share host plants, though genetic exchange might also occur between these mollicutes. Phytoplasmas have been detected in most organs of infected plants, where they colonize the sieve tubes of the phloem. Infestations of floral tissue by them have been observed, but it is believed that seed transmission is generally not possible because the sieve tubes lack a direct connection to the seed. However, they can still occur in the seed. Suspected phytoplasma symptoms were observed in some weeds such as Datura stramonium L., Achyranthes aspera L., Ranunculus scleratus L. and Ageratum conyzoides L., found in Gorakhpur and its adjoining areas in Eastern U.P. India. The aim of this work is to predict phytoplasma infected plant and differentiate it from other causal organism like: bacteria, virus, fungi, etc. Phytoplasma are plant pathogenic mollicutes, originating from bacteria, which cause severe loss of diversity of many plants, but we selected some medicinal plants which are used in a direct way as a form of leaf, stem, flower, etc. These weeds are highly affected by phytoplasma, thereby making them lose their diversity; however, these weeds are present in moderate amount in this region. The major symptoms considered are witches’ brooms, little and yellow leaf, phyllody disease, little leaf necrosis and witches’ brooms, and abnormal proliferation of twinges, which at some point in time cause the death of complete plants. All weeds plants are confirmed on the basis of nested PCR and Phylogenetic analysis. These weeds are highly used medicinally in direct and indirect ways. These are severally affected by phytoplasma infection. Identification of the diagnosis of phytoplasma remains a challenge because of its rapid lethal course and lack of consistency to particular clinical signs and symptoms. Moreover, many difficulties occur because its concentration in host plants highly fluctuates over all seasons. These plants are firstly identified on the basis of peculiar symptoms of phytoplasma, after which they are confirmed by electron microscopy, and a particular group of phytoplasma is then identified by PCR, gene sequencing, and blast analysis.
Key words: Phytoplasma, dicots, monocots, phloem.
Anikesh D. Sagal*, Khan Ranvidhi Jay
Page: 272 - 275
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (5), pp. 268-271, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of antimicrobial herbal palatal mucoadhesive tablet on oral malodor in dogs.
Odeya Blumenfeld1*, Nathan Pearl2, Ehud Saban3 and Aharon Yonath2
1Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
2Department of Prosthodontics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, P. O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
3Veterinary Clinic, Mishol Hamagalit, Ramot, Jerusalem, Israel.
Email: [email protected]
Accepted 24 April, 2016
Abstract
Canine oral malodor is a common complaint among dog owners. The aim of this study was to test the effect of an antimicrobial herbal palatal mucoadhesive tablet on oral malodor in dogs. Twelve dogs suffering from oral malodor participated in the study. Palatal mucoadhesive tablets were prepared with or without the herbal medicinals: Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia), Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus), Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and Sage (Salvia officinalis). Measurement included odor judge scores (two judges) and volatile sulfide compounds (VSC) readings by a sulfide monitor (Halimeter®). Application of the palatal adhesive tablets containing herbal formulation resulted in a 60% reduction in oral malodor scores and 73% in VSC levels. These results suggest that the palatal mucoadhesive tablets containing herbal formulation may serve as an effective means of treatment for oral malodor in dogs.
Key words: Herbal medicinals, mucoadhesive, dogs, oral malodor.
Ehud Saban and Aharon Yonath, Odeya Blumenfeld*, Nathan Pearl
Page: 268 - 271
Research Article
International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (2), pp. 178-183, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of the extracts of two varieties of tiger nut based on their dietary constituents
Michael O. Ekeh
Medical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry , Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
E- mail: [email protected]
Accepted 09 November, 2015
Abstract
The phytochemical, proximate composition, amino acid profile and the effects of the extracts of two varieties of Cyperus esculentus (tiger nuts) on sickle cell blood were investigated. One hundred grams (100g) powdered samples of each fraction of the two varieties of the plant were used for batch extraction procedures to generate the crude aqueous extracts (CAEs) and the methanol water soluble fractions (MWS) used for hemoglobin polymerization and the Fe2+/Fe3+ determinations. The following nutrients and anti-nutrients were identified and quantified with their values expressed in (%) for the proximate composition and mg/100g for the anti-nutrients compositions. Four varieties of the nut were used for the work based on size and texture and these were designated as follows :- (large (L) and small (S) varieties; wet (W) and dry (D). The results of the proximate composition for the four (4) samples were as follows: ash 1.80±0.1(W), 2.68±0,2 (D); moisture- 42.80±0.2(W), 32.16±0.2(D); crude fiber-18.0±0.1(W), 21.36±0.1(D);crude lipid-14.10±0.0(W), 19.67±0.2(D); crude protein- 4.82±0.1 (W),7.94±0.2(D) and carbohydrates- 18.44 ±0.0(W), 16.19±0.1(D). For the small seeded variety: ash-1.75±0.1(W), 1.79±0.2 (D);moisture- 24.22±0.1(W), 9.7±0.0(D); crude fiber- 15.22±0.1(W), 15.60±0.1(D); crude lipid- 11.50±0.0(W), 27.54±0.0(D); crude protein-3.63±0.1(W),3.94±0.1(D)and carbohydrates-16.39±0.1(W), 15.60±0.0(D). The phytochemicals showed the trend: saponins-0.76±0.02 (L) and 0.65±0.01 (S); cyanogenic glycosides-1.07±0.2(L) and 0.85±0.2(S); phytate- 2.35±0.2 (L) and 2.12±0.1 (S); oxalates- 0.50±0.2(L) and 0.42±0.1(S). The total free amino acid concentration of the four samples was equally determined and the result expressed in mg/100g of sample. For the large variety (L)- 169.6±0.0(W) and 161.20±0.0 (D); the small variety (S)- 165.60±0.1(W) and 160.40±0.1( D). There is no significant difference between the free amino acid concentrations of the two varieties and samples at p≤ 0.05. Hemoglobin polymerization inhibition assay showed the following result for the relative percent inhibition by the CAE and MWS fractions respectively of the large and small varieties. For the (L) variety, CAE (85.20%) and MWS (86.20); for the (S) variety- CAE (84.06%) and MWS (85.51%). When compared with the values of the standard antisickling agents- Phe (85.47) and ascorbic acid (84.89); there is no significant difference in the relative percent inhibition by these samples at p ≤ 0.05. The amino acid profiles of the two varieties were the same and only varied in the relative concentrations of the wet and dry samples. Results showed the presence of the following major antisickling and essential amino acids at various concentrations expressed in mg/ 100 g. The antisickling amino acids included: Phe, Lys, Arg, Histidine, Serine, and Aspartate – 2.37(W) and 2.37 (D); 4.16 (W) and 4.78 (D); 18.29(W) and 20.17 (D); 1.94 (W) and 2.32 (D); 2.27 (W) and 2.37 (D); 5.73 (W) and 6.86 (D). Some essential amino acids identified included: valine (3.14 (W) and 2.50 (D); methionine-0.73 (W) and 0.89 (D); leucine -3.71 (W) and 4.01( D) and Isoleucine- 2.07 (W) and 1.79 (D). The CAEs and MWSs of the large and small varieties improved the oxidant status of sickle cell erythrocytes by increasing the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio remarkably. The fractions of the two varieties increased the ratio to varying degrees. For the L variety, the CAE and MWS values were: 72.19% and 41.96%.while for the small variety; 57.73% and 36.74%. It can be deduced that the two varieties of Cyperus esculentus studied are very nutritious and exhibited high antisickling effectiveness by inhibiting sickle cell hemoglobin gelation and improving the oxidant status of the erythrocytes. These extracts can be of immense nutritionally and therapeutic relevance in the management of nutritionally related syndromes like anemia, kwashiorkor and moreover sickle cell disease.
Keywords: Phytochemical composition, proximate values, amino acid profile, hemoglobin polymerization inhibition, Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio, Cyperus esculentus.
Michael O. Ekeh
Page: 178 - 183