International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (4), pp. 221-227, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals 

Review

Potential target for exploring medicinal plants use of Bovine mastitis

Ronald Costal Alves^1,2, Diego Luiz Duarte^1,2,  Thiago David^2,3, Alberto Silvia^1,2*

¹Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia (PPBI), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense

²LABiEMol and LMP (Laboratório de Metabolismo de Parasitos), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

³LaBioFar (Laboratório de Bioensaios Farmacêuticos), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 1 March, 2016

Abstract 

Mastitis is a disease of significant economical importance that affects farming and is a limiting factor in the world agribusiness of dairy cattle. It causes a considerable economic loss in milk production as a result of mammary gland inflammation. On that matter, the infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus also present public health implications, considering that thermostable toxins produced by this bacterium may remain stable in milk. This bacterium specie stands out as the cause of the higher incidence of mastitis due to its high resistance to antibiotics as a result of the indiscriminate use of these therapeutic agents. In this context, the process of discovering new antimicrobial agents is extremely important in a stage of rapid development of bacterial resistance. Thus, medicinal plants may be explored as alternative agents for treatment of this important animal disease. This minireview intends to enlighten briefly this disease, its economical and medical features using Brazil, one of the top-ten biggest dairy producers, as an example of the mastitis economical importance to point it out as a target for further research on medicinal plants, exploring their potential as new therapeutic options for treating mastitis.

Key words: Bovine mastitis, antimicrobial, public health, medicinal plants.

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (3), pp. 200-208, March, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds, gum arabic and wild mushroom on growth performance of broiler chickens

Nuguba Festus*, Sagbodje G. Bright, J. E. Orile and Fajenu Anita

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 22 February, 2016

Abstract

In Nigeria, antibiotics are administered in poultry drinking water for prevention or control of bacterial contamination and to promote growth performance and health of birds. However, these antibiotics have negative effects and this has led to the search for safe and natural alternatives (like photogenic plants products and medicinal mushrooms) to reduce the continuous use of antibiotics in poultry to promote health and nutrition. In this study, the effect of oral administration of different levels of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seed, Gum arabic and wild mushroom (Ganoderma sp) and their combination on performance characteristics of broiler chickens were evaluated in comparison with antibiotic. Commercial hybrid (Marshal) broiler chicks were procured at day-old from a hatchery in Nigeria and brooded together for the first one week of age to acclimatise. On day 7, the birds were randomly distributed into different treatment groups, T1 - T8 (10 chicks per group) in duplicates. Group T1 = represent broiler chicks administered orally with Moringa seed aqueous extract, T2 = Gum arabic, T3 = wild Ganoderma, T4 = Moringa seed + Gum arabic, T5 = Moringa seed + wild Ganoderma, T6 = Gum arabic + wild Ganoderma, T7 = Moringa seed + Gum arabic + wild Ganoderma, T8 = antibiotic only as control for comparison. Each group (T1-T8) was administered orally with the respective plants product and wild mushroom treated drinking water at different levels (5% w/v at 2 weeks of age, 10% w/v at 4 weeks, and 20% w/v at 6 weeks). All the chicks in all the groups were fed ad libitum with broiler starter diet (22% CP and 2800 Kcal/kg ME) from 1 to 4 weeks of age, and broiler finisher (20% CP and 2649 Kcal/kg ME) from 5 to 8 weeks of age. Daily average feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion rates were monitored. Proximate study, minerals and phytochemical composition of the plants products and wild mushroom were evaluated. The results showed that Moringa seeds, gum arabic and wild Ganoderma contained appreciable levels of crude protein, fatty acids and essential minerals, which are valuable nutritional requirements of poultry. The average daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion rates, carcass and organ weights of broilers administered orally with the aqueous extracts of Moringa seed, gum arabic and wild Ganoderma, were not significantly affected (P>0.05), as they compared favourably with the use of antibiotics. It was concluded that these plants products and wild mushroom could be utilized as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters and source of feed supplements in broilers. Anti-nutrients in them were low (less than 5%) and this could be reduced during processing or aqueous extraction. These plants products and mushroom are consumed by humans as safe and natural source of food supplement and phytomedicine.

Key words: Food supplement, phytomedicine, growth performance, poultry.

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (4), pp. 251-261, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Bufo-toxin effects on Epileptic symptomatology stimulated according to Rat strains

Emilio García Toro¹*, Azcárraga Cuarón², Guillermo Chávez Jr. and Agustín Azcárraga³

¹UAEH Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, UAD Clinical Nutrition, University La Salle Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico.

²(UNIVA) University of Atemajac"s Valley, Mexico.

³(UNAG) Anthropological University of Guadalajara, Mexico

E-mail: [email protected] 

Accepted 20 March, 2016

Abstract 

This study aims to determine the effect of the boosted bufo-toxin towards epileptic symptomatology induced through bufo-toxin in the strains known as BALB/c and Wistar in order to break into the symptomatology which confers lethality to this toxin. The bufo- toxin was maintained in alcoholic solution and applied to rats in doses of 5 to 5-20 units via intramuscular insulin syringe, and observations were recorded. When the rats in question died, a necropsy was performed in order to finally describe the effect of the toxin to the internal organs. Subsequently, the bufo-toxin was boosted and administered at 7, 12 and 30 CH according to the rat strains, and observations were carried out. The rats that were inoculated with 20 units of the named toxin show epileptic symptomatology and finally died from brain stroke or heart attack. However, when administering the bufo-toxin boosted at the 7 CH, such pathogenic symptomology disappears and mortality in rats decreased to 48%. The more effective homeopathic potency was the 7 CH. This model can be used to investigate useful drugs against epilepsy and even heart diseases; the homeopathic medicine at 7 CH acts immediately regarding potencies 12 and 30 CH. The boosted toxin reduces the pathogenic symptomology generated by the bufo-toxin in both rat strains and intervenes in reducing mortality from such effect.

Key words: Bufo-toxin, effect, epilepsy, heart attack, experimental.

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (2), pp. 184-189, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-diabetic activity of the seed extract and the morphological changes on pancreatic beta cells in alloxan induced-diabetic rabbits

Ajibola Ipadeola*¹, Adesanya Gbenga²,  Sofola Adeoye³

^1*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.

³Department of Physiology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 19 December, 2015

Abstract

Anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-diabetic activity of petroleum ether seed extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) Pierre (Menispermaceae) was evaluated in hyperglycaemic and in alloxan diabetic rabbits. The seed extract of SJ and glibenclamide administered 30 min prior to the glucose load significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the peak values and the area under curve of blood glucose by 20.0 % and 43.8 % respectively compared to the untreated. In alloxan diabetic animals, treatment with the seed extract of SJ significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the blood glucose level in a dose dependent manner from day 3 of daily treatment and continued till the last day of the treatment. Further decrease was however recorded post-treatment with the extract doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg body weight (bw) showing maximum percentage decrease of 12.3, 29.2 and 32.7 respectively while glibenclamide group (10 mg/kg) recorded a decrease of 51.9 %. Tissue morphology of the extract treated diabetic rabbits showed necrotic beta cells with some viable cells at the periphery. In glibenclamide treated, considerable damage to the beta cells was equally recorded. The result indicates that the extract attenuated hyperglcaemia in alloxan diabetic rabbits.

Key word: Anti-hyperglycaemia, alloxan-diabetes, Sphenocentrum  jollyanum, seed, rabbit.

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (3), pp. 209-220, March, 2016. © International Scholars Journals 

Full Length Research Paper

Roles of H. rosa sinensis extract in the treatment of liver against CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidants disorder in male albino rats

Omar ElBaradei Mubarak*, Naguib Faten Morsi and Mohamed Hamama

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 10 February, 2016

Abstract

This study try to investigate the affirmation of 70% ethanol / water Hibiscus rosa extract (HRE), of the leaves, to alleviate the CCl_4- induced hepatic antioxidants disorders and oxidative stress in male albino rats. For induction of early and late stages of liver intoxication, CCl₄ (0.1ml/100gm b.w., twice a week, sc.) was used for 7 and 14 weeks respectively. At the end of both stages of intoxication, the diagnostic enzymes of liver function; serum aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) recorded highly significant elevation (p<0.001) with the two levels of intoxication while hepatic 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT) recorded highly significant elevation (p<0.01)only with the late stage of intoxication. On the other hand, the hepatic antioxidants defense markers, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), showed significant diminish, one as compared to its control. This emphasizes the increased oxidative stress in the liver with both early and late stages of CCl₄-intoxication. Consequently, the oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, as malondialdehyde (MDA), liver xanthine oxidase (XO) and serum advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) significantly elevated (p<0.001) by CCl₄ liver injury, in stage dependent manner. HRE Post-treatment (100 mg/kg b.w., orally /day, for 4 weeks) for rats, whose of liver injuries, significantly reduced the all alternations of liver functions, antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress- markers with time dependent manner. It was clear that both CCl₄-induced alternation and HRE amelioration effects were of hepatotoxic stage-dependence. So, it is suggested that, H. rosa sinensis extract effectively ameliorated the changes observed with CCl₄ injuries in liver, possibly through antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging effects of its phenolic compounds, specially flavonoids, triterpenes and tannins, which previously were demonstrated as a phytochemical components in this extract.

Key words: Hibiscus rosa sinensis, CCl4-hepatotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Anti-oxidants.

International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 5 (3), pp. 190-199, March, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Review

A study on the current status of Pharmacognosy and its place in the future of man

Amitabh E. K.¹, E. J Gandhi¹ and Khan A. Tagore²*

¹Department of Botany, S.P College, Srinagar.

²Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 29 February, 2016

Abstract

The use of drugs goes back to time immemorial, ever since primitive man resorted to the world around him to derive remedies, which could alleviate pain and cure illness. The knowledge of drugs has developed together with the evolution of scientific and social progress. The present paper presents an overview on the current status of Pharmacognosy and its place in the future of man.

Key words: Pharmacognosy, allopathic medicine, traditional medicine.