International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Ficus vallis-choudae delile (Moraceae)

A. Lawan¹*, U. A. Katsayal² and A. H. Yaro³

¹Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

²Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

³Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Accepted 16, November 2019

Abstract

The methanolic stem bark extract of Ficus vallis-choudae was investigated for anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity. The anti- inflammatory effects were investigated using rat paw edema model, while the analgesic effects were studied using acetic acid induced writhing in mice. The results obtained revealed that the methanolic stem bark extract of F. vallis – choudae in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg posses significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent anti-inflammatory effect and inhibit abdominal contractions caused by acetic acid in mice. The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice was found to be 470 mg/kg. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. The results of this study indicated the presence of biologically active substances which may be beneficial in the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Key words: Acetic acid - induced writhing, Anti-nociceptive, Anti-inflammatory, F. Vallis-choudae, Rat paw edema.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cell surface protein expression of stem cells from human adipose tissue at early passage with reference to mesenchymal stem cell phenotype

Solomon Sathishkumar¹*, Preethi Mohanashankar² and Boopalan P. R. J. V. C³

¹Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu – 632002, India.

²Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.

³Orthopaedics Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.

Accepted 16 September, 2019

Abstract

Research is now being focused on stem cell therapy for repair of diseased and damaged tissues. Various sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified. The ideal source of MSCs is still unclear. An ideal source for MSCs should be one which could be easily accessed, causes minimal patient discomfort and also gives a high yield of cells with characteristic cell surface protein expression of MSCs at early passage. Thus, this study analysed the cell surface protein expression of human adipose stem cells (ASCs) at early passage with reference to mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and differentiation into cells of mesodermal origin. Adipose tissue was obtained as waste material from patients undergoing certain elective surgical procedures, after taking informed consent. Flow cytometry analysis of ASCs showed both positive and negative cell surface protein expression, highly characteristic for MSCs as early as passage 0 or 1 (early passage). Under appropriate culture conditions ASCs showed osteogenic differentiation evidenced by presence of calcium phosphate identified by alizarin red staining and adipogenic differentiation evidenced by lipid rich vacuoles within the cells, recognized by oil red O staining. Since adipose tissue is available in large quantities and has a high yield of stem cells, availability of high percentage of characteristic MSCs at early passage will reduce the time for expansion in culture, the costs involved and the risk of cell contamination. Thus adipose tissue is a promising source of stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Key words: Adipose stem cells, mesenchymal phenotype, early passage.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of monosodium glutamate on hematological parameters in Wistar rats

Ashaolu J. O.¹*, Ukwenya V. O.¹, Okonoboh A. B.², Ghazal O. K.², Jimoh A. A. G.³

¹Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.

²Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

³Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 October, 2019

Abstract

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive commonly consumed as a flavor enhancer. However, both animal models and human clinical reports have established its harmful effects. The rats in two groups (A₁ and B₁) were administered with 5.5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) and 2.75 g/kg b.wt of MSG for 14 and 28 days respectively each, while Groups A₂ and B₂ were withdrawal groups for A₁ and B₁ which were sacrificed 14 days post-administration. At the end of the study periods, blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters. Test results showed significant effect (p<0.05 compared to control) on the neutrophil and lymphocyte count which are indicative of a compromised immune status and poisoning in the treated animals. Packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values analyzed were all indicative of an anemic condition in the treated animals. These findings support that MSG despite its flavoring functions, is detrimental to health.

Key words: Monosodium glutamate, hematological parameters, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, immunity, anemia, automatic hematological assay analyzer.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) on some heamatological indices in albino rats

Bamidele O.¹*, Akinnuga A. M.², Alagbonsi I. A.³, Ojo O. A.¹, Olorunfemi J. O.⁴ and Akuyoma M. A.⁴

¹Department of Physiology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.

² Department of Nursing Science, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

³Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Physiology, Madonna University, Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Accepted 19 September, 2019

Abstract

In spite of wide spread biological uses of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), there is a dearth of information on its effects on haematological indices. This work was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of M. fragrans on some haematological indices using albino rat as a model. Twenty four (24) Wistar strain albino rats weighing 140 to 160 g were randomly distributed into four (4) groups of six (6) animals per group. Group I consists of rats which received 10 ml/kg normal saline (orally) and served as the control while those in Groups II, III and IV received 50% ethanolic seed extract of M. fragrans (orally) at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In all groups, the blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for analysis of haematological indices after feeding regimens lasted for 14 days. The results showed significant decreases (p< 0.05) in red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HbC) and platelet count especially at high doses. There was significant increase (p< 0.05) in total white blood cell (WBC) count. This study therefore seems to confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of seed of M. fragrans and also suggests that it may have deleterious effects on haemopoiesis at high doses.

Key words: Myristical fragrans, nutmeg, haematological indices, saponin, glycosides, albino rats.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Morphometric study of endoscopic approach to the cerebellopontine angle

T. S. Gee¹*, H. K. Pal¹, A. K. Aaijaz², I. Zul² and A. K. Shamim³

¹Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

²Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

³Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

Accepted 14 August, 2019

Abstract

Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors account for 10% of all intracranial tumors. The endoscopic approach to CPA is being used increasingly as the availability of variable angled endoscope allow for operative views of lesions at angles not visible by the microscope and it is minimally invasive. The authors present findings based on the endoscopic study performed on three cadaveric heads (six sides) through the retrosigmoid approach and 10 adult dried skulls. The CPA cistern was examined using MAHE 5.0 mm rigid endoscope at 0 and 30°viewing angles and morphometric assessment of the neurovascular structures visualized was carried out. A morphometric study on skulls was performed to measure key distances relevant to surgery of CPA lesions; these distances were measured from the sino-dural angle (SDA). The cranial CPA level contains the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal nerves and superior cerebellar artery. The middle CPA level contains the acoustic-facial bundle and provides access through an endoscopic corridor to the abducens nerve, anterior inferior cerebellar artery and vetebro-basilar junction. The caudal CPA level contains the lower cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal) and the V4 segment of the vertebral artery. The thickness of III, IV, V and acoustic-facial bundle in their cisternal course ranged from 2.2 to 2.5 mm; 0.5 to 0.8 mm, 2.5 to 3.0 mm, and 2.0 to 2.5 mm respectively. The distance between the SDA-posterior lip of porus acousticus ranged from 31 to 37 mm (median 34 mm). SDA-Meckel’s cave distance was 46 to 52 mm (median 49 mm and SDA-petrous apex distance was 59 to 67 mm (median 61 mm). The authors conclude that understanding of endoscopic anatomy of cerebellopontine angle is very useful for skull base surgeon.

Key words: Cerebellopontine angle, endoscopic, sino-dural angle, skull base.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Ayinla M. T¹, Dada S. O¹, Shittu S. T²*, Olayaki L. A¹, Akiode A. O¹ and Ojulari S. L¹

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

²Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 14 November, 2019

Abstract

This study aims at evaluating the effect of chronic administration of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimium gratissimum on total cholesterol level, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in male albino rats. Twenty-one male albino rats of the Wistar strain weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 7 animals per group as control, diabetic and diabetic treated with O. gratissimum. Diabetes was induced by 100 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. The control and the diabetic groups received distilled water while the diabetic treated group was administered with 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, plasma glucose level, cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL were determined in all the experimental animals after 12 h fast. The result showed significant increases (P<0.05) in plasma cholesterol, TG and LDL level of the diabetic group when compared with the control group while there were no significant differences in the OG-treated diabetic group and the control group. The HDL however was not different in all the three groups. It was then concluded that oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum may reduce the plasma lipid imbalances associated with diabetes mellitus.

Key words: Ocimum gratissimum, alloxan-induced diabetes, lipid imbalances.