International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-012, February, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physicochemical characterization and in-vitro evaluation of flubiprofen oral controlled release matrix tablets: Role of ether derivative polymer ethocel

Muhammad Akhlaq^1,2*, Gul Majid Khan¹, Abdul Wahab¹, Hamdy Abdelkader³, Raid Alany² Abid Hussain¹ and Nauman Rahim Khan¹

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, KPK, Pakistan.

²School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

³Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

Accepted 17 June, 2016

Abstract

The main aim of the study was to develop once-daily controlled release matrix tablet of the selected propionic acid derivative flubiprofen (100 mg) using ethyl cellulose ether derivative release controlling polymer. Preformulation factors, including solubility, powder flowability and compressibility, and loss on drying were studied. Hausner’s factor and angle of repose ranged from 1.10 to 1.25 and 25 to 29° respectively, indicating the best flowability and compressibility of the powder. Drug-polymer interaction was analyzed by particle size analysis, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Matrices were prepared by direct compression, with and without polymer. Effect of co-excipients like HPMC, starch and CMC, was studied on release behavior of the drug. The tablets were subjected to different physicochemical tests including hardness, friability, weight variation, % drug content, thickness and diameter with limits ranging from 6.4 ± 0.24 to 6.9 ± 0.44 kg/cm², 0.22 ± 0.06 to 0.77 ± 0.03 w/w, 200 ± 1.3 to 203 ± 1.0 g, 98.30 0.16 to 99.70 ± 0.64%, 2.1 ± 0.032 to 2.3 ± 0.020 mm and 4.2 ± 0.001 to 4.4 ± 0.001 mm respectively. In-vitro drug release study was conducted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and different kinetic parameters were applied. Ethocel FP polymer alone showed the best anomalous release with exponent n = 0.793 with the linearity r ² = 0.992, whereas the market brand released 90% of the drug after four hours with release exponent n = 0.210.

Key words: Drug delivery, flurbiprofen, ethyl cellulose ether derivative polymers, physicochemical, release kinetics.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Modification of oxidative stress in acute exhaustive exercise mice with n-butanol and water fractions from Pedicularis decora Franch root treatment

Meili Gao¹*, Yili Wang¹, Lijuan Wang², Yongfei Li³ and Jianxiong Yang⁴

¹The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.

²School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.

³School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China.

⁴College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China.

Accepted 26 June, 2016

Abstract

The current study investigated the effect of n-butanol and water fractions of Pedicularis decora Franch on oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive exercise. Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into sedentary, exercise and recovery groups. Each group includes control and water fraction as well as n-butanol fraction subgroup. Mice were treated with the two fractions of P. decora Franch root and saline for a period of 21 days. After the treatment period, the exercise and recovery groups swam to exhaust. Sedentary and exercise groups animals were sacrificed immediately after swimming exercise and recovery mice were sacrificed after 24 h. In sedentary group, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were higher and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were lower with the two fractions treatment. SOD, GPx, lactate dehydrogease (LDH) activities and LPO levels significantly decreased in exercise and recovery groups with the two fractions treatment. Also, the two fraction could promote energy deposits through an increase in glycogen contents. In addition, n-butanol fraction significantly prolonged swimming time to exhaustion. In short, n-butanol and water fractions of P. decora Franch may both protect mice against oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive exercise and n-butanol fraction could significantly improve the swimming capacity. Further, n-butanol fraction is more pronounced in ameliorating the oxidative stress induced by an acute exhaustive swimming exercise.

Key words: Pedicularis decora Franch, n-butanol fraction, water fraction, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, an acute exhaustive exercise.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Survey of career identity and job satisfaction among young hospital pharmacists in Guangdong province, China

Duan J. J.¹, Li G. C.², Situ B.³, Tao J. H.⁴, Deng X.¹, Wu J. Y.², Zhou T.¹, Zheng Z. H.⁴ and Xu F.¹*

¹Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.

²Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.

³Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.

⁴Guangdong Province Pharmaceutical Association, Guangzhou 510080, China.

Accepted 21 February, 2016

Abstract

The situation of career identity and job satisfaction among young hospital pharmacists in Guangdong, China was investigated. A mail-based questionnaire was sent to young hospital pharmacists in Guangdong, China. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding demographic characteristics, career identity and job satisfaction. Pharmacists who were under 35 years old were defined as young pharmacists. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Of the 625 questionnaires mailed, 619 questionnaires, returned from 14 hospitals in Guangdong, were completed and suitable for analysis. Regarding career identity, only about 22% of young pharmacists thought pharmacists have high social status. Less than half of respondents felt pride when they were introduced as pharmacist in social activity. Only about 28% of respondents expected to obtain professional achievement. Only about 11% of respondents would not change profession had they got more work pay from other jobs. Regarding job satisfaction, about 90% of respondents were satisfied with their working environment, utilization of skills and promotion. About 76% of young hospital pharmacists were satisfied with their work pay. The authors concluded that, although the young hospital pharmacists in Guangdong province, China were satisfied with their current job on the whole, they showed low career identity.

Key words: Career, hospital pharmacists, job satisfaction, China.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea (purslane) supplementation lowers acute exercise induced oxidative stress in young rats

Lou Xiaojuan¹*, Huang Yong², Guo Xueqi¹, Zheng Fanhui³, Jiang Zhihong⁴ and Yang Yong ping¹

¹Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR, China.

²Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR. China.

³Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai 200030, PR, China.

⁴Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR, China.

Accepted 21 March, 2016

Abstract

The present study was designed to determine the effects of polysaccharides from purslane (PFP) supplementation on acute exercise induced oxidative stress in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were divided randomly into four groups, that is control group (C), low-dose PFP supplemented group (LP), middle-dose PFP supplemented group (MP) and high-dose PFP supplemented group (HP). Each group contains eight animals. The mice in the control group were orally administered physiological saline of 50 ml/kg bodyweight per day for 30 days, while the PFP supplemented group received the same volume of PFP of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bodyweight. On the final day of the study, rats were exercised to exhaustion (22 m/min at 10% inclination on the treadmill) and then all the rats were sacrificed. Body weight, running time, blood lactate, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of rats were measured. Results of the above study showed that PFP supplementation could elevate the exercise tolerance and inhibited the production of blood lactate during acute exercise. PFP supplementation lowers exercise induced oxidative stress by means of decreasing SOD, GPX activities and MDA level in skeletal muscle of young rats.

Key words: Polysaccharides from purslane, acute exercise, oxidative stress, rats.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (11), pp. 001-005, November, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Protective effects of rosiglitazone on the endothelial cells in a rabbit iliac artery balloon injury model

Ding Shi-fang*, Cao Xuan-chao, Gong Zhi-gang, Chen Zhi-nan, Jiang Ju-quan, Li Zhi-gang, Fu Wen-bo, Lu Qing and Wang Ren-xue

Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region, No. 627 Road Wuluo, Wuhan 430070, China.

Accepted 17 March, 2016

Abstract

To investigate the protective effects of rosiglitazone on the endothelial cells in a rabbit iliac artery balloon injury, thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group (hypercholesterol diet), balloon injury group (hypercholesterol diet plus balloon endothelial denudation) and rosiglitazone group (balloon endothelial denudation plus hypercholesterol diet and rosiglitazone). Rabbits were fed for eight weeks, and balloon endothelial denudation was performed. Rosiglitazone was administrated at a dose of 0.5 mg·kg ^-1·d^-1 from three days before surgery, and lasted for 4 weeks. Four weeks later, blood was collected and serum lipids, glucose, hs-CRP, NO, NOS and ET-1 levels were measured. Then, local iliac arteries were obtained for morphological examination and immunohistochemistry for PCNA and apoptosis. When compared with balloon injury group, the levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, ET-1 were significantly decreased in the rosiglitazone group. Morphological examination showed the intimal area (IA), medial area (MA) and intimal proliferation index in rosiglitazone group were significantly lower than those in the balloon injury group. The PCNA expression was markedly decreased and the apoptosis rate significantly increased in rosiglitazone group when compared with the balloon injury group. Rosiglitazone could exert protective effects on the endothelial cells after balloon injury in which the lipid- lowering, inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis of endothelial cells, and compromised NOS activity and secretion of NO and ET-1 played important roles.

Key words: Rosiglitazone, apoptosis, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin, rabbit.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anabolic steroids impact in self-efficacy of basketball and football adolescents players

Antonio J. Monroy Antón¹* and Gema Sáez Rodriguez²

¹Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Filipinas, 16, Bajo B, 28003, Madrid, Spain.

²Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, C/Bellver, 1, Bajo B, 28039, Madrid, Spain.

Accepted 28 January, 2016

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of anabolic steroids on the self-efficacy of basketball and football adolescent players. In order to discover that, a survey has been conducted in Madrid, Spain, with a sample of 216 football and basketball players (60.19% males and 39.81% females) with a mean age of 16.2. The questionnaire had five simple questions, and the results show that even without having used steroids, the players rated very high the possible impact they would have on their performance (confidence to play better against the opposite team 7.3, confidence to contribute positively to the team victory 7.0), even higher than an appropriate technical or physical training. These results suggest that, anabolic steroids are an important problem among adolescents, and educational programs to increase the knowledge of anabolic steroids are needed for this age group that is in clear risk. Information should come not only from the government and media, but also from coaches, teachers, trainers and parents.

Key words: Anabolic steroids, football, basketball, self-confidence, adolescent.