International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A fast and simple HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of three anti-cancer agents in plasma of breast cancer patients and its application to clinical pharmacokinetics

Mahmood Ahmad¹, Muhammad Usman¹*, Asadullah Madni¹, M. Zubair¹, Qamar-uz-Zaman¹, M. Saleem Qureshi¹, Abubakar Munir¹, Mahtab Ahmad¹ and Arshad Mahmood²

¹Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.

²Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute, Abbottabad (KPK), Pakistan.

Accepted 25 March, 2017

Abstract

A rapid, sensitive and reproducible high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated in plasma for simultaneous quantification of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (FAC) which are being prescribed in cancer chemotherapy. Isocratic RP-HPLC system (Agilent technologies USA) with C₁₈ column (4.6 mm × 250 mm i.d., 5 µ particle size) and a detector UV-VWD was employed. The mobile phase of 0.05 M disodium hydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) containing 0.5 mL/L triethylamine (pH 3.7) was pumped at 0.650 mL/min. UV detection of FAC was set at 266, 254 and 198 nm, respectively. Total run time was 15 min and retention times for 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin were 4.1, 7.7 and 10.9 min, respectively. Parameters of validation (LOD, LOQ, Linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity) were established. The method provides specific quantification for FAC with high resolution. A simple, reproducible and inexpensive HPLC method was developed and applied for pharmacokinetic evaluation in breast cancer patients.

Key words: Simultaneous, 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, HPLC.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of endurance training on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress markers

Serkan Revan¹* and Ali Emre Erol²

¹Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports, Selçuk University, Aleaddin Keykubat Campus, Konya, Turkey.

²Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.

Accepted 15 April, 2017

Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in young adults. Twenty four male students participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups as training group (n=12) and control group (n=12). Subjects in the training groups performed running exercise 25 to 60 min/day, three days/week for eight weeks at an intensity of 50 to 70% of target heart rate. Blood samples collected at rest and after exhaustive exercise before and after 8 weeks, were analyzed for the determination of plasma lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) level, and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LOOH level in the training group significantly decreased after the post-training period (p<0.05), but did not alter in the control group (p>0.05). LDH activities significantly increased both control and training groups after the exhaustive exercise (p<0.05). LDH activity was found significantly higher in control group than training group both at rest and after exhaustive exercise (p<0.05). GPx was not significantly altered by training and exhaustive exercise in both groups (p>0.05). In the training group, exhaustive exercise significantly increased CAT level after training period (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that endurance training is effective in prevention of lipid peroxidation caused by exhaustive exercise.

Key words: Endurance training, oxidative stress, antioxidant.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Viscum album extract

Mohammad Esmaiel shahaboddin¹, Mahdi Pouramir²*, Ali -Akbar Moghadamnia³, Mostafa Lakzaei⁴, Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi¹ and Mitra Motallebi¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran.

²Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

³Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Accepted 28 March, 2017

Abstract

The antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of water extract of local Viscum album in alloxanized-rats were investigated. This study performed during 2009 in Babol University of medical sciences (Mazandaran Province, Iran). V. album leaves growing on oaks collected and extracted with hot water. The 90 animals that were used in this investigation were male Wistar rats. 60 rats were gavaged with 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day of V. album extract. One hour after final feeding, freshly prepared alloxan injected subcutaneously. Then blood glucose level was measured according to glucose oxidase method. The antioxidant activity of serum was determined by FRAP assay and serum insulin level was measured with ELISA. The administration of V. album extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced the increase in serum glucose concentration in alloxan-hyperglycemic rats. Both the extracts from V. album enhance the serum insulin level as compared to control rats. Serum antioxidant activity in low dose of extract was significantly higher at 48 and 72 h after alloxan injection. Serum antioxidant activity in the high dose was significantly higher at 24, 48 and 72 h. This study demonstrated that V. album extract reduced the blood glucose and increases the antioxidant power of alloxanized-rats. Much more work is clearly needed before phytotherapy for diabetes can be advanced to the clinic.

Key words: Viscum album, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, alloxan.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of atorvastatin on aldosterone induced myocardial fibrosis in a rat model and its potential mechanism

Li-kun Ma*, Li-feng He, Bing-yu Zhang and Jing-sheng Hua

Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, China.

Accepted 28 February, 2017

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of atorvastatin on aldosterone induced myocardial fibrosis in rat model and its potential mechanism. Forty male rats underwent right nephrectomy, and then, were given free access to 1% NaCl for 4 weeks. During this period, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; vehicle group (CON group: Subcutaneous injection of saline); aldosterone treated group (ALD group: Aldosterone 18 g*d^-1 subcutaneously); spironolactone plus aldosterone treated group (SPI+ALD group: Aldosterone 18 g*d ^-1 subcutaneously plus spironolactone 20 mg*kg^-1*d^-1 intravenously); atorvastatin plus aldosterone treated group (ATO+ALD group: Aldosterone 18 g.d-1 subcutaneously plus Atorvastatin 50 mg*kg^-1*d^-1 intravenously). Blood pressure was measured through catheterization. Myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF) and perivascular collagen area (PVCA) were analyzed by Sirius-Red staining. The expressions of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-A, PDGF- B), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR- , PDGFR- ), ectodermal dysplasia-1 (ED-1) and myocardial osteopontin were determined. Mean arterial blood pressure in rats receiving drug treatment was markedly elevated compared with the CON group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Rats in ALD group had pronounced myocardial fibrosis and dramatically increased CVF and PVCA when compared with the other three groups. There were no significant differences between SPI+ALD group and ATO+ALD group in the CVF and PVCA. The expressions of PDGF-A, PDGF -B, PDGFR - , ED -1 and OPN in the ALD group were markedly higher than in the other three groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed between SPI+ALD group and ATO+ALD group in the expressions of PDGF- A, PDGF-B, PDGFR- and OPN. But the ATO+ALD group had lower ED-1 expression than SPI+ALD (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the PDGFR- expression among four groups. Atorvastatin may attenuate myocardial fibrosis, induced by aldosterone, in which the reduced macrophage infiltration and alleviated expressions of inflammatory cytokines, and platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors play critical roles.

Key words: Atorvastatin, aldosterone, myocardial fibrosis, platelet-derived growth factor.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Recovery of spermatogenesis by Allium cepa in Toxoplasma gondii infected rats

Arash Khaki¹, Laya Farzadi¹, Shahin Ahmadi^1*, Elham Ghadamkheir², Amir afshin Khaki³, Saedeh shojaee⁴ and Reza Sahizadeh¹

¹Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

²Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.

³Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,NPMC, Tabriz, Iran.

⁴Department of Parasitology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 15 January, 2017

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is globally widespread and infects man and animals; we investigated effect of Allium cepa on sperm parameters, testestrone level in male rats experimentally infected by toxoplasma. Wistar male rats (n=40) were allocated into four groups, control group (n=10) and T₁ group that received tachyzoites of T. gondii (IP) (n=10), and T₂ group that received tachyzoites of T. gondii (IP), plus fresh onion juice 1 cc per rat daily by gavages method (n=10), and group of onion juice which received fresh onion juice 1 cc per rat daily by gavages method (n=10). Animals were kept in standard condition. In 30 day after inducing toxoplasma, 5 cc blood was collected for testosterone and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels; testes tissues of rat in whole groups were removed and then prepared for analysis. Serum total testosterones and sperm parameters were significantly decreased in groups that were infected with T. gondii, in comparison to control and onions groups. Testes weights in toxoplasma group significantly decreased in comparison to control group (P<0.05). Since in our study, T. gondii have significant effect on sperm parameters and serum total testosterones, and since fresh onion juice was used to treat this harmful effect, it is suggested that eating of onion is useful in infected man.

Key words: Allium cepa, testes, testosterone, Toxoplasma gondii.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of biochemical findings in mice exposed to thiamphenicol treatment

Adnan Adil Hismiogullari¹*, Sahver Ege Hismiogullari², Ozlem Yavuz¹, Dinc Essiz³, and Khalid Rahman⁴

¹Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey.

²Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey.

³Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey.

⁴School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

Accepted 07 April, 2017

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the acute and subacute dose and the dose regime of thiamphenicol-induced changes in serum biochemical parameters in mice. Thiamphenicol was given to the trial groups at a dosage of 100 mg/kg bw (group 2) and 200 mg/kg bw (group 3) in drinking water for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from all animals on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 of the study. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinin, triglyceride and total protein as well as serum activities of hepatotoxicity markers as ALT, AST, LDH and ALP were measured spectrophotometrically. The results obtained in this study show that oral administration of thiamphenicol in mice does not show biochemical alterations.

Key words: Antibiotic, biochemical parameters, hepatotoxicity, mice, thiamphenicol.