International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) on some heamatological indices in albino rats

Bamidele O.¹*, Akinnuga A. M.², Alagbonsi I. A.³, Ojo O. A.¹, Olorunfemi J. O.⁴ and Akuyoma M. A.⁴

¹Department of Physiology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.

² Department of Nursing Science, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

³Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Physiology, Madonna University, Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Accepted 19 September, 2019

Abstract

In spite of wide spread biological uses of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), there is a dearth of information on its effects on haematological indices. This work was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of M. fragrans on some haematological indices using albino rat as a model. Twenty four (24) Wistar strain albino rats weighing 140 to 160 g were randomly distributed into four (4) groups of six (6) animals per group. Group I consists of rats which received 10 ml/kg normal saline (orally) and served as the control while those in Groups II, III and IV received 50% ethanolic seed extract of M. fragrans (orally) at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In all groups, the blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for analysis of haematological indices after feeding regimens lasted for 14 days. The results showed significant decreases (p< 0.05) in red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HbC) and platelet count especially at high doses. There was significant increase (p< 0.05) in total white blood cell (WBC) count. This study therefore seems to confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of seed of M. fragrans and also suggests that it may have deleterious effects on haemopoiesis at high doses.

Key words: Myristical fragrans, nutmeg, haematological indices, saponin, glycosides, albino rats.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Morphometric study of endoscopic approach to the cerebellopontine angle

T. S. Gee¹*, H. K. Pal¹, A. K. Aaijaz², I. Zul² and A. K. Shamim³

¹Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

²Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

³Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.

Accepted 14 August, 2019

Abstract

Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors account for 10% of all intracranial tumors. The endoscopic approach to CPA is being used increasingly as the availability of variable angled endoscope allow for operative views of lesions at angles not visible by the microscope and it is minimally invasive. The authors present findings based on the endoscopic study performed on three cadaveric heads (six sides) through the retrosigmoid approach and 10 adult dried skulls. The CPA cistern was examined using MAHE 5.0 mm rigid endoscope at 0 and 30°viewing angles and morphometric assessment of the neurovascular structures visualized was carried out. A morphometric study on skulls was performed to measure key distances relevant to surgery of CPA lesions; these distances were measured from the sino-dural angle (SDA). The cranial CPA level contains the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal nerves and superior cerebellar artery. The middle CPA level contains the acoustic-facial bundle and provides access through an endoscopic corridor to the abducens nerve, anterior inferior cerebellar artery and vetebro-basilar junction. The caudal CPA level contains the lower cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal) and the V4 segment of the vertebral artery. The thickness of III, IV, V and acoustic-facial bundle in their cisternal course ranged from 2.2 to 2.5 mm; 0.5 to 0.8 mm, 2.5 to 3.0 mm, and 2.0 to 2.5 mm respectively. The distance between the SDA-posterior lip of porus acousticus ranged from 31 to 37 mm (median 34 mm). SDA-Meckel’s cave distance was 46 to 52 mm (median 49 mm and SDA-petrous apex distance was 59 to 67 mm (median 61 mm). The authors conclude that understanding of endoscopic anatomy of cerebellopontine angle is very useful for skull base surgeon.

Key words: Cerebellopontine angle, endoscopic, sino-dural angle, skull base.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Ayinla M. T¹, Dada S. O¹, Shittu S. T²*, Olayaki L. A¹, Akiode A. O¹ and Ojulari S. L¹

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

²Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 14 November, 2019

Abstract

This study aims at evaluating the effect of chronic administration of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimium gratissimum on total cholesterol level, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in male albino rats. Twenty-one male albino rats of the Wistar strain weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 7 animals per group as control, diabetic and diabetic treated with O. gratissimum. Diabetes was induced by 100 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. The control and the diabetic groups received distilled water while the diabetic treated group was administered with 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, plasma glucose level, cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL were determined in all the experimental animals after 12 h fast. The result showed significant increases (P<0.05) in plasma cholesterol, TG and LDL level of the diabetic group when compared with the control group while there were no significant differences in the OG-treated diabetic group and the control group. The HDL however was not different in all the three groups. It was then concluded that oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum may reduce the plasma lipid imbalances associated with diabetes mellitus.

Key words: Ocimum gratissimum, alloxan-induced diabetes, lipid imbalances.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Suppressive effects of Momordica charantia on pituitary-testicular axis and sperm production in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Oshiozokhai Eboetse YAMA*, Francis Ikechukwu DURU, Ademola Ayodele OREMOSU, Carmen Cressie NORONHA and Abayomi OKANLAWON

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 November, 2019

Abstract

Momordica charantia plant is quite common in Africa and Asia, known in folkloric medicine to affect adversely the reproductive system by mechanism yet to be fully understood. The aim is to determine the effects of M. charantia with and without testosterone administration; on hormonal levels and sperm production (number and motility) in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, divided randomly into six groups (MC, TP-MC, MC-TP, MC+TP, TP and DW for group I, II, III, IV, V and VI, respectively). Groups I to V were fed daily for 16 weeks, with either 50 mg/100 g body weight (b.w) /day M. charantia seed extract (MC) or intramuscularly injected with 0.05 mg/kg b.w testosterone propionate (TP) thrice/week. Group VI (negative control) were administered daily with distilled water (DW). Serum gonadotrophins, prolactin and testosterone concentrations and sperm production were measured. M. charantia extract resulted in significant reduction in serum gonadotrophins and testosterone concentrations, with an increase in prolactin level. Sperm production was decreased significantly compared to control. It produced responses that were rather modulatory when concurrently administered with TP. M. charantia seed extract suppresses the pituitary-testicular axis and sperm production in male rats. Thus, it could be developed to a contraceptive drug for men.

Key words: Momordica charantia, testosterone, prolactin, gonadotrophins.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Influence of waist circumference and body mass index on the levels of adipokines, insulin and lipid parameters in normal overweight young Saudi females

Maha Abdelkader Hegazi¹, Hanan Ahmad Al-Kadi¹, Eman Mokbel Alissa²* and Azra Kirmani¹

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 21 November, 2019

Abstract

Abnormal lipid profile, insulin resistance and hypoadiponectinemia are well recognized risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. These risk factors are more prevalent among subjects with increased body adiposity. To study the relationships of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with fasting adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity, a cross-sectional study was undertaken on 127 healthy young females randomly recruited from the College of Medicine at KAU in KSA. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were estimated. Significant increase in insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and LDL-C were found in subjects with WC > 80 cm compared to those with WC ≤ 80 cm. When the mean of the 3rd quartile of WC was taken as a cutoff point, similar increase in all the parameters was also found in addition to a significantly lower adiponectin level at a WC ≥ 74 cm. Similar abnormalities were found at BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² (mean of the 2nd quartile). Moreover, WC was a negative predictor of adiponectin and a positive one of insulin and HOMA-IR, while BMI was a positive predictor of FBG, TC, TG and LDL-C. In conclusion, hypoadiponectemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance were observed at WC and BMI that are normal by Western definitions. Our findings suggest the need to establish local WC and BMI cutoff points to identify subjects with hyperlipidemia, hypoadeponectinemia, and insulin resistance that may be missed when the Western and North American criteria are used.

Key words: Lipid profile, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, Saudi female.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Craniometric patterns of three Nigerian ethnic groups

E. I. Odokuma¹*, P. S. Igbigbi¹, F. C. Akpuaka² and U. B. Esigbenu¹

¹Department of Anatomy, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

²Department of Anatomy, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 November, 2019

Abstract

The usefulness of craniometry in facilitating proper identification of skeletal remains and in emphasizing a common origin of studied populations is far reaching. Conducting anthropological studies with the aim of obtaining the characteristics of ethnic groups assists not only in understanding the frequency distribution of human morphologies but also in providing the basis for comparison of races. Craniometric patterns were studied in three selected ethnic groups in Nigeria and this study will no doubt form a baseline data for subsequent studies especially as regards the studied populations. This study involved 699 (male 361; female 338) volunteers whose age ranged 18 and over. Respondents were selected along three ethnic groups including Urhobo (male 156; female 147), Ibo (male 141 female 145 and Edo (male 64; female 46) and it was ensured that population for the study was collected using a random stratified method. The cranial volume was measured using standard techniques and it was shown to exhibit strong sexual dimorphism and was useful in differentiating inter and intra population groups. The results showed a significant effect of cranial volume on the measured ethnic groups at 0.05 level of significance. While the Ibo’s had an average cranial volume of 1273.39 cm³, that of the Urhobo’s was 1255.89 and 1310.08 cm³ for the Edo people. Also the cranial capacity of male (1334.34 cm³) was significantly different from that of female (1204.54 cm³) in all the studied tribes, male being larger than that of female p < 0.05.

Key words: Craniometric patterns, ethnic groups, head length, head breadth, auricular height.