International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (7), pp. 001-015, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Rapid screening for 61 central nervous system drugs in plasma using weak cation exchange solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection

Yin Zhang¹*, Wei-Ping Xie², Chong-Hong Chen³ and Ling Lin⁴

¹Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, People’s Republic of China.

²Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Quanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quanzhou 362000, People’s Republic of China.

³Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, People’s Republic of China.

⁴Department of Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, People’s Republic of China.

Accepted 8 March, 2011

Abstract

Rapid and accurate screening for toxicants/chemicals in a broad range is an important element in systematic toxicological analysis (STA). Herein, we report a novel method for the rapid screening of 61 central nervous system (CNS) drugs in plasma, using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column termed, weak cation exchange (WCX) and high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC- DAD). The SPE column was preconditioned sequentially with 3 ml of acetonitrile, 1 ml of water and, 2 ml of buffer solution. The pretreated plasma was loaded onto the column, which was then washed with 2 ml of water, followed by 2 ml of acetonitrile, and the acetonitrile elution was collected as the neutral/acid fraction. Subsequently, 3 ml of trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile (2+98) was then used to elute the column and the elution was collected as basic fraction. The collected fractions were evaporated at 60°C under a nitrogen stream until about 100 l of solvent remained. The final volume was then adjusted to 1 ml with 5% of acetonitrile. The HPLC separation was accomplished on an Agilent TC -C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer solution as mobile phase, by gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 210 nm, and the full spectra were recorded from 200 to 364 nm. The absolute recoveries of 55 drugs tested, exceeded 50%; 42 of them exceeded 80%. In conclusion, the WCX SPE preparation combined with HPLC-DAD, is suitable for a broad drug screening for CNS drugs.

Key words: Solid phase extraction (SPE), weak cation exchange (WCX), high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), systematic toxicological analysis (STA), drug screening.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of ajowan “Carum copticum” in rats

Saleh Alqasoumi

Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, P. O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +966 1 4677278. Fax: +966-1-4677245.

Accepted 21 January, 2019

Abstract

An aqueous suspension of ajowan “Carum copticum” was evaluated for its possible gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities in various ulcer models in Wistar albino rats. The suspension at 250 and 500 mg kg/body weight, orally (i.p. in Shay rat model) has significant effect in pyloric ligation induced basal gastric acid secretion, indomethacin and noxious chemicals (80% ethanol, 0.2 M NaOH and 25% NaCl) induced gastric ulceration; showed significant protection in all models used. Histopathological assessment of gastric tissue and the determination of gastric wall mucus (GWM) and non protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) contents of the stomach, characterized the protection of various indices and replenishing the depleted (GWM) and NP-SH levels by the suspension treatment, respectively. Conclusively, the ulcer protective effect of ajowan may possibly be due to its antisecretory along with antioxidative and cytoprotective effects through prostaglandins mediated mechanism.

Key words: Ajowan, Carum copticum, gastric secretion, antiulcer.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Caffeine therapy for apnoea of prematurity: Pharmacological treatment

H. Orozco-Gregorio^1,5, D. Mota-Rojas²*, D. Villanueva³, H. Bonilla-Jaime⁴, X. Suarez-Bonilla⁵, L. Torres-González⁵, D. Bolaños², R. Hernández González⁶, R. Martínez-Rodríguez⁷ and M. E. Trujillo-Ortega⁷

¹Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa/Xochimilco, México D.F., México.

²Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Área de Investigación, México.

³Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México.

⁴Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, México City, México.

⁵Department of Social Sciences and Health, Universidad del Valle de México-Lomas Verdes, Edo. Mex, México.

⁶Department of Experimental Research and Animal Resources, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México. D.F. México.

⁷Department of Animal Medicine and Production: Swine, FMVZ., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. DF, México.

Accepted 04 January, 2019

Abstract

Apnoea of prematurity is among the most commonly diagnosed conditions in the newborn intensive care unit and may prolong the hospital stay of some infants. Resolution of recurrent apnoea and episodes of bradycardia and the completion of an “apnoea-free” period are generally considered to be preconditions for the discharge of premature infants without a home cardiorespiratory monitor. Caffeine is one of the drugs most commonly prescribed for premature infants. It is a potent respiratory stimulant indicated primarily to reduce the incidence of episodes of apnoea associated with an immature central nervous system. It is also used frequently in these infants to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Caffeine is presently one of the 10 most frequently prescribed medications in neonatal intensive care for which extensive pharmacokinetic data are available, particularly in the preterm neonate. Although very similar in its actions to theophylline, caffeine has several advantages and has become the preferred methylxanthine in the treatment of apnoea. Its toxicity is lower and half-life is longer, and there is less need for therapeutic drug monitoring. Foetuses and newborns are exposed to caffeine via maternal intake of caffeine-containing foods and beverages. This widespread and extensive exposure to caffeine must be considered in the evaluation of the long-term effects of caffeine in the newborn and young infants. Despite the widespread use of caffeine for these indications, the evidence to support its use is based on the results of a few relatively small, short-term studies. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in this drug. Studies have reported some intriguing possibilities, such as the protective effect of caffeine on the brain and lungs. The main goal of this paper is to present a review of the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its cellular effect on the physiology of newborns with apnoea.

Key words: Caffeine, apnoea, methylxanthines, prematurity.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-012, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of antioxidant and fertility effects of Digera muricata in male rats

Muhammad Rashid Khan*, Gul Nabi Khan and Dawood Ahmed

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 18 October, 2018

Abstract

Treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) 1 ml/kg b.w. (10% in olive oil) to Sprague-Dawley male rats once a week for 16 weeks caused a significant increase in serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, estradiol and prolactin; whereas suppressed level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were restored with the administration of n-hexane extract of Digera muricata (DMH). In addition, hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSR), quinone reductase (QR), gamma glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) suppressed with CCl₄ were elevated with DMH gavages. Decrease in hepatic contents of glutathione (GSH) while increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite and H₂O₂ contents with CCl₄ were returned towards the normal level with DMH. Treatment of DMH attenuates the toxicity of CCl₄ and the decrease in weight of body, liver, testis, accessory organs reversed towards the normal level. Presence of bioactive constituents (rutin and hyperoside) in DMH suggested to have therapeutic effects against CCl₄ induced oxidative stress and hypogonadism.

Key words: Digera muricata, antioxidant, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, liver cirrhosis, carbon tetrachloride, testosterone.

Key word: Antibiotic, in vivo, anti-tuberculous, serum.