ISSN 2326-7275
Review
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Caffeine therapy for apnoea of prematurity: Pharmacological treatment
H. Orozco-Gregorio1,5, D. Mota-Rojas2*, D. Villanueva3, H. Bonilla-Jaime4, X. Suarez-Bonilla5, L. Torres-González5, D. Bolaños2, R. Hernández González6, R. Martínez-Rodríguez7 and M. E. Trujillo-Ortega7
1Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa/Xochimilco, México D.F., México.
2Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Área de Investigación, México.
3Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México.
4Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, México City, México.
5Department of Social Sciences and Health, Universidad del Valle de México-Lomas Verdes, Edo. Mex, México.
6Department of Experimental Research and Animal Resources, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México. D.F. México.
7Department of Animal Medicine and Production: Swine, FMVZ., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. DF, México.
Accepted 04 January, 2019
Abstract
Apnoea of prematurity is among the most commonly diagnosed conditions in the newborn intensive care unit and may prolong the hospital stay of some infants. Resolution of recurrent apnoea and episodes of bradycardia and the completion of an “apnoea-free” period are generally considered to be preconditions for the discharge of premature infants without a home cardiorespiratory monitor. Caffeine is one of the drugs most commonly prescribed for premature infants. It is a potent respiratory stimulant indicated primarily to reduce the incidence of episodes of apnoea associated with an immature central nervous system. It is also used frequently in these infants to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Caffeine is presently one of the 10 most frequently prescribed medications in neonatal intensive care for which extensive pharmacokinetic data are available, particularly in the preterm neonate. Although very similar in its actions to theophylline, caffeine has several advantages and has become the preferred methylxanthine in the treatment of apnoea. Its toxicity is lower and half-life is longer, and there is less need for therapeutic drug monitoring. Foetuses and newborns are exposed to caffeine via maternal intake of caffeine-containing foods and beverages. This widespread and extensive exposure to caffeine must be considered in the evaluation of the long-term effects of caffeine in the newborn and young infants. Despite the widespread use of caffeine for these indications, the evidence to support its use is based on the results of a few relatively small, short-term studies. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in this drug. Studies have reported some intriguing possibilities, such as the protective effect of caffeine on the brain and lungs. The main goal of this paper is to present a review of the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its cellular effect on the physiology of newborns with apnoea.
Key words: Caffeine, apnoea, methylxanthines, prematurity.
H. Bonilla-Jaime, L. Torres-González, D. Mota-Rojas*, X. Suarez-Bonilla, H. Orozco-Gregorio, R. MartÃnez-RodrÃguez and M. E. Trujillo-Ortega, R. Hernández González, D. Bolaños, D. Villanueva
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-012, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of antioxidant and fertility effects of Digera muricata in male rats
Muhammad Rashid Khan*, Gul Nabi Khan and Dawood Ahmed
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 18 October, 2018
Abstract
Treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1 ml/kg b.w. (10% in olive oil) to Sprague-Dawley male rats once a week for 16 weeks caused a significant increase in serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, estradiol and prolactin; whereas suppressed level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were restored with the administration of n-hexane extract of Digera muricata (DMH). In addition, hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSR), quinone reductase (QR), gamma glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) suppressed with CCl4 were elevated with DMH gavages. Decrease in hepatic contents of glutathione (GSH) while increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite and H2O2 contents with CCl4 were returned towards the normal level with DMH. Treatment of DMH attenuates the toxicity of CCl4 and the decrease in weight of body, liver, testis, accessory organs reversed towards the normal level. Presence of bioactive constituents (rutin and hyperoside) in DMH suggested to have therapeutic effects against CCl4 induced oxidative stress and hypogonadism.
Key words: Digera muricata, antioxidant, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, liver cirrhosis, carbon tetrachloride, testosterone.
Gul Nabi Khan and Dawood Ahmed, Muhammad Rashid Khan*
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Short Communication
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Serum anti-tuberculous activity of a novel antibiotic
Chen-Xiaoxi
Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, Postcode: 310053 P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 0086-0571-86613774.
Accepted 10 December, 2018
Abstract
Serum anti-tuberculous activity of a novel antibiotic indicated that the in vivo anti-tuberculous activity of the antibiotic was raised and decreased as time was passing after it was injected into rat body with two activity peaks which were around 1 and 6 h respectively. With in vivo anti-tuberculous activities being promising, the antibiotic could be an anti-tuberculous drug candidate.
Key word: Antibiotic, in vivo, anti-tuberculous, serum.
Chen-Xiaoxi
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of aspartame on some oxidative stress parameters in liver and kidney of rats
Iman, M. Mourad
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 11 October, 2018
Abstract
Aspartame is one of the most widely used artificial sweeteners in over 90 countries worldwide. It is a highly intensity sweetener added to a large variety of food, most commonly found in low calorie beverages, desserts and table top sweeteners added to tea or coffee. The present study examined whether the daily oral administration of ASP (40 mg/kg) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks induce oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of male albino rats. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reduced (GSH) levels as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were determined. A significant increase in LPO levels was obtained in the liver tissue after 4 and 6 weeks of ASP administration while there was a significant decrease in LPO level after 2 weeks followed by a significant increase in the renal tissue at the end of the 6 weeks. SOD activity significantly decreased in the liver tissue after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. Also, there was a significant decrease in SOD activity after 2 and 4 weeks in the renal tissue. CAT activity significantly decreased in the liver tissue after 2 and 4 weeks of ASP administration. Regarding to GSH content, there was a significant decrease in the liver tissue after 2, 4 and 6 weeks which was accompanied by a significant increase in GST activity after 4 and 6 weeks of ASP administration. In conclusion, ASP may induce an oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of male albino rats.
Key words: Aspartame, oxidative stress, liver, kidney.
Iman , M. Mourad
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Short Communication
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-002, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
The use of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonist in promoting bone regeneration and anti-osteoporosis
Zhao-Gui Zhang, Wan-Chun Wang*, Zhi-Hong Li and Xin-Zhan Mao
Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Middle-Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Accepted 17 October, 2018
Abstract
The hypothesis is that the use of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonist could be helpful in promoting bone regeneration and anti-osteoporosis.
Key words: Transient receptor potential channel, bone repair, bone regeneration, osteoporosis, pharmacology.
Wan-Chun Wang*, Zhi-Hong Li and Xin-Zhan Mao, Zhao-Gui Zhang
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The effect of fenugreek on the bioavailability of glibenclamide in normal beagle dogs
Mohamed Fahad Al-Ajmi
Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 21 October, 2018
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum) is an herbal medicine widely used in the traditional medicine to alleviate many diseases including diabetes. Many studies proved its efficacy in reducing blood sugar in diabetic patients. Concurrent administration of fenugreek and glibenclamide may affect bioavailability of glibenclamide. For this reason this study was designed to clarify effect of fenugreek ingestion on bioavailability of glibenclamide in beagle dogs. 4 beagle dogs were administered either glibenclamide alone or glibenclamide with fenugreek and bioavailability of glibenclamide in each of these groups was estimated utilizing HPLC-fluorescence detector method. The method was validated and the results were compared by paired t-test. The method of analysis was linear in the range from 5 to 400 ng/ml and possessed highly specificity and high intra and inter-day precision {1.80 to 9.16% and 5.82 to 10.40% respectively as C.V(%)}. Recovery of glibenclamide (relative to warfarin as IS) was 98.7 to 105.1%. Fenugreek ingestion increased bioavailability of glibenclamide significantly (p< 0.05) compared to control group. The exact mechanism of increased bioavailability of glibenclamide was not studied although literature review of fenugreek constituents points to possibility of increased absorption and/or displacement of glibenclamide from protein binding sites.
Key words: Fenugreek, glibenclamide, Beagle dogs, HPLC, bioavailability.
Mohamed Fahad Al-Ajmi
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