International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 11 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Skeletogenesis of the pelvic girdle and pelvic members in embryos of Caiman yacare (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)

Fabiano Campos Lima¹*, André Luiz Quagliatto Santos², Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira², Cristiele Nunes Souto¹, Sônia Helena Santesso Teixeira de Mendonça ³, Simone Borges Salgueiro De Simone², Clarissa de Araújo Martins⁴ and Marcos Eduardo Coutinho³

¹Laboratório de Anatomia Humana e Comparativa, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Jataí – UFG, BR 364, Km 193, Setor Parque Industrial, 3800, 75801-615, Jataí, GO.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +55 (64) 3606-8268

²Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2F, 38400-000, Uberlândia, MG.

³Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, ICMBio, Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Répteis e Anfíbios, EQSW 103/104 Bloco C, Setor Sudoeste 70670-350 Brasília – DF.

⁴Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal, Rua Alexandre Herculano 1400, 79037- 280, Campo Grande – MS.

Accepted 25 June, 2022

Abstract

Caiman yacare embryos were collected and subjected to the bone cleared and Alizarin staining to analyze the ontogenic patterns of the skeletal ossification of the pelvic girdle and members. Ossification of C. yacare pelvis begins at 36 days of incubation. The femur, tibia and fibula present simultaneous stain retention at 30 days. It has four tarsal bones, the calcaneus, the talus, distal III and distal IV. Their ossification starts with the calcaneus from the 40th day of incubation, followed by the talus. At 54 days, the distal tarsal IV is conspicuous, as is the outline of the distal III. Each foot has five metatarsi (MT) and 13 phalanges (phalangeal formula 2:3:4:4). Ossification of the metatarsi begins at 36 days and follows the sequence MTI=MTII=MTIII=MTIV>MTV. The first phalanges begin the ossification process on the 36th day and continue up to the last day of incubation. The sequence of ossification of the proximal phalanges is PPI=PPII=PPIII>PPIV, while that of the medial phalanges is MPII> MPpIII>MDpIII>MPpIV>MDpIV and that of the distal phalanges is DPI>DPII>DPIII>DPIV, and the ontogenic pattern of the bones of the pelvic girdle and members of C. yacare differs from that of other reptiles, albeit with a few similarities.

Key words: Alizarin, morphology, ossification, pantanal caiman, reptiles.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 11 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of supplementing Aloe vera gel and garlic powder on blood biochemical parameters and immune response of broiler

Rozbeh Fallah

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +989372986016.

Accepted 25 April, 2022

Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of supplementing different levels of Aloe vera gel and garlic powder on blood biochemical parameters and immune response of broiler. For this purpose, one hundred and sixty, one-day-old, Ross chicks were used, in completely randomized design, in four treatments and each with four replicates. The treatment groups consisted of: control group fed only with non-supplemented basal diet, group 2 supplemented with 3% aloe vera in drinking water, group 3 supplemented with 3% garlic powder in diet and group 4 supplemented with 1.5% aloe vera in drinking water + 1.5% garlic powder in diet, which were reared for 42 days. The result of this experiment showed no significant difference in heterophil to lymphocyte ratio at 42 days of age between control and treated groups. The other results of this investigation showed that broilers receiving Aloe vera gel and garlic powder had lower blood glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein (HDL), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and Triglycerides concentrations compared to control group. However, higher total protein concentrations were observed with supplementation of Aloe vera gel and garlic powder than control group. Although, there was no significant difference between the control and treated groups in antibody titres against Newcastle and Influenza, the highest amount of anti body titres for Newcastle and Influenza were observed in group - 4 on 18 and 28 days.

Key words: Aloe vera , garlic powder, blood parameters, immune parameters , broiler.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-027, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Ameliorative potentials of medicinal plants on the pathophysiological complications of diabetes mellitus: A review

Adeyi Akindele O.¹*, Nneji Lotanna, M.² and Idowu Babatunde A.³

¹Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

²Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 February, 2022

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with grievous pathophysiological complications which affect various parts of the body and manifesting in different ways which include acute and chronic neuropathy, nephropathy, gastropathy, retinopathy, micro and macro cardiovascular disorders and erectile dysfunction. Incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus is fast becoming high in middle and low income countries where about 80% of people living in those countries depend on orthodox medicine. Numerous and varied reports abound in literature on studies conducted to investigate the ameliorative effects of medicinal plants on various pathophysiological complications of diabetes mellitus. This report therefore presents a review of the effects of medicinal plants on the complications of diabetes mellitus stating the components of the plants responsible for these effects and the possible mechanisms.

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, diabetic complications, neuropathy, nephropathy, gastropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidaemia, erectile dysfunction.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Allelopathic potential of sunflower (HELIANTHUS  ANNUS L.) on soil metals and its leaves extracts on physiology of wheat (TRITICUM  AESTIVUM  L.) seedlings.

Javed Kamal* and Asghari Bano

Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 9 January, 2022

Abstract

The effect of a sunflower (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) variety, namely Hysun 38, on metals and of aqueous extracts of its leaves on germination in two varieties of wheat, namely Margalla 99 and Chakwall 97, were studied under laboratory conditions. In particular, the effect of leaf extract on hormones produced by wheat seedlings and on electrical conductivity, pH, Mn, Ca, K, P, and soil moisture content was examined. The leaf extract significantly inhibited the rate of germination and growth of seedlings.

Key words: Allelopathy, atomic absorption, HPLC, hormones analysis (IAA, GA, ABA), sunflower, soil analysis, wheat seedlings.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of mycorrhizal inoculum and urea fertilizer on diseases development and yield of groundnut crops (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Ambang Zachée*, Ndongo Bekolo, Bime, Ngoh Dooh, Maho Yalen and Ntsomboh Godswill

Department of plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Accepted 11 November, 2021

Abstract

Diseases (rosette virus disease (RVD), Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) and poverty of soils in nutrients are the main causes of groundnut losses (>60%). Among the methods applied in disease management, the biological method is identified as a priority in crop protection research programs. This study was carried out during the 2001 growing season in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The aim was to characterize the development of RVD and CLS on A-26 groundnut variety and also to evaluate yield after mycorrhizal inoculation. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, with two applications of mycorrhizal inoculum. The inoculum contained spores of Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp. in concentration of 2.10³ spores.g^-¹. A urea treatment and an absolute control were also used. The number of nodules per plant, the root colonization rate (RCR), disease severity and yield were assessed. Results show that RCR was very low in control and urea plots compared to mycorrhizal inoculated plots. Mycorrhizal applications reduced disease infection up to 38.8 and 54.4% respectively, for RVD and CLS. However, plants issued from urea treatment were more stressed and infected. A higher number of nodules (459.1) were recorded on roots of mycorrhizal inoculated plants compared to control and urea treatments which were 218.8 and 237.5 nodules per plant. Mycorrhization of groundnut plants led to a yield increased of up to 628% for dry pods of healthy plants compared to uninoculated plants in control samples. No yield was recorded on infected plants from control and urea treatments, whereas plants infected by RVD and inoculated with mycorrhiza yielded 177.2 Kg.ha^-1 of dry pods. The mains results of this study show that mycorrhizal symbiosis with groundnut roots increased the resistance of plants to RVD and CLS, and positively influenced the physiology of groundnut plants infected by RVD.

Key words: Arachis hypogaea, mycorrhization, disease development, biological control, yield increase.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (11), pp. 001-009, November, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Changes in the serum profiles of lipids and cholesterol in sheep experimental model of acute African trypanosomosis

Sani Adamu¹*, Abiodun A. Ige¹, Isa D. Jatau², Joel S. Neils³, Nicodemus M. Useh¹, Mohammed Bisalla¹, Najume D.G. Ibrahim¹, Andrew J. Nok⁴ and King A. N. Esievo¹

¹Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

³Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 2October, 2021

Abstract

In an effort to further elucidate the possible effect of trypanosome infection on serum levels of some lipids and cholesterol, five sheep (the infected group) were each intravenously inoculated with 2 ml of blood containing 1 x 10⁶ Trypanosoma congolense organisms. Another five uninfected sheep served as control group. Blood samples were collected from all the animals every other day from the day of infection (day 0) up to the termination of the experiment. The samples were used for haematological and parasitological analyses and determination of serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). All animals in the infected group showed parasitaemia by day 11 post-infection (PI) and the infection caused a gradual decline in the values of packed cell volume (PCV) and those of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Values of all these parameters in the control group remained fairly normal, relative to the pre-infection ones on day 0, throughout the experimental period. The PI mean values of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, measured in mmol/l, in the infected group were 3.44 ± 0.71, 1.62 ± 0.40, 0.78 ± 0.20 and 1.92 ± 0.40, respectively, while those in the control group were 4.32 ± 0.18, 2.24 ± 0.11, 1.15 ± 0.10 and 2.26 ± 0.30, respectively. The differences between the PI mean values in the two groups of animals were significant (P<0.05). T. congolense utilization of the molecules could, among other factors, be the cause of the reduced serum levels of these parameters and this could be a contributory factor in the pathophysiology of some of the disorders observed in trypanosome-infected animals.

Key words: Trypanosomosis, sheep, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein.