International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Characterization of Dodonaea viscosa Leaves through Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Parameters

Sama Venkatesh*, Y. S. R Reddy, M. Ramesh1, M. M. Swamy2, N. Mahadevan2 and B. Suresh2

1University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 009 India.
2JSS College of Pharmacy, Rockland’s, Ooty – 643 001, India

Accepted 5 January, 2025

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq is a popular medicinal plant. Its leaves are used as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-bacterial and antifungal agents and in the treatment of fractures. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, pharmacognostic studies, microscopical structure, morphological characters, chemical analysis and numerical values in epidermal study were carried out. These studies provided referential information for identification of this crude drug.

Key words: Dodonaea viscosa, macroscopy, anatomy, ash values, extractive values, leaf constants, microscopy, phytochemical.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biomechanical Response of the Skull-Dura System to Intracranial Pressure Variations: A Viscoelastic Finite Element Study

Xianfang Yue*, Li Wang, Shufeng Sun, Lige Tong

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

Accepted 18 January, 2025

In the work, the dynamic characteristics of the human skull-dura mater system were studied. For the purpose of our analysis, we adopted a model consisted of a hollow sphere. By using the ‘Patran and Ansys’ finite element processor, a simplified three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of a human skull was constructed. The model was used to calculate the deformation of human skull with the intracranial pressure changing. This required good representation of the complex anatomy of the skull. Four different entities are distinguished: Tabula externa, Tabula interna, and a porous Diploe sandwiched in between, and dura mater. A thin-walled skull was simulated by composite shell elements. The viscoelasticity of human skull-dura mater system was studied and analyzed by the finite-element Maxwell model. The 1/8 model consisted of 25224 nodes and 24150 three-dimensional 8-node isoparametric solid elements. The elastic-viscous mechanical characteristics must be used for the skull. The viscous strains account for about 40% of total strains of human skull and dura mater. And the range of strain errors is from 6.45 to 14.82% after ignoring the viscosity of skull and dura mater.

Key words: Viscoelasticity, finite-element analysis (FEA), strain, human skull, dura mater, intracranial pressure.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Anatomical Examination of the Gastrointestinal System in Cricetomys gambianus: Insights from the Wild African Giant Pouched Rat

M. N. Ali3, O. Byanet1, S. O. Salami3, J. Imam, S. M. Maidawa3, A. D. Umosen3, C. Alphonsus2 and J. O. Nzalak3

1Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue state,
Nigeria.
2Department of Animal science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
3Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 9 September, 2024

Ten matured African giant pouched rats of both sexes were used in this study. Their mean body weights were 1045.5 ± 110.6 g (standard error of mean, SEM) and their crown-rump body length was 24 1.16 cm. The mean stomach weight and length were 28.81 ± 0.93 g and 20.3 ± 0.80 cm, respectively. The maximum width of the stomach varied between 3.13 ± 0.31 and 3.75 ± 0.28 cm related to the volume of food within the organ. Grossly, the stomach was divided into two parts: the non-glandular and the glandular. A small sac-like diverticulum of about 1.3 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width located on the small curvature of the glandular portion between the cardiac and the pylorus was observed. Internally, a limiting ridge separated the non-glandular from glandular portion of the stomach. We have therefore classified the stomach as being monogastric with a small diverticulum. The mean small intestine length of 129 ± 3.27 cm was the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), followed by the 88.2 2.73 cm of the large intestine. The cecum was the largest segment of the large intestine, coma-shaped blind end sac situated at the ileo-cecal junction.

Key words: Anatomy, gastrointestinal tract, wild African giant pouched rat.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Root Anatomical Changes Induced by Mycorrhizal Associations in Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum

Jeff H. Taylor*, Adrianne Waltenbaugh and Michelle Shields

Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock, PA 16057 U.S.A.

Accepted 26 November, 2024

The absorption of water and nutrient ions from the soil solution is among the primary roles of roots. To reach the xylem for axial transport, the water and minerals must circumvent the exodermis and (or) endodermis, both of which act as barriers to radial apoplastic diffusion. To do this, the water and minerals must enter the symplast of cells located outside of the outermost apoplastic barrier. Mycorrhiza are known to impact root anatomy and ion uptake, but their effect on those cells where symplastic entry must occur is not known. To examine their impact, the surface area of those living cells apoplastically exposed to the soil solution in Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum was examined. For each species, plants inoculated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and uninoculated plants were examined. The average cell size and number of cells located outside the endodermis (L. esculentum) or exodermis (Z. mays) was assessed by microscopic observation and the appropriate calculations were performed. The absorptive surface area of L. esculentum was not significantly different between inoculated (161 cm2/cm root length) and uninoculated (163 cm2/ cm root length) plants. However, there was a statistically significant difference between Z. mays inoculated (average 37 cm2 /cm root length) and uninoculated (average 11 cm2/cm root length). How this may impact ion uptake pathways is discussed.

Key words: Mycorrhiza, Lycopersicon esculentum, Zea mays, ion uptake potential.
 

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Correlation Between Neuro-Anatomy Prize Recognition and Student Outcomes in the First Anatomy Examination

Shittu, LAJ1*, Bankole, M. A2, Shittu, R. K3, Zachariah, M. P4, Adesanya, O. A 1, Kpela, T1, Babalola, O. S1, Ashiru, O. A1

1Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.
2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University
Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
3Medical Microbiology Unit, Bolomedics Laboratories, Egbeda, Lagos, Nigeria.
4Department of Psychiatry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 10 November, 2024

Concern has been expressed about the motivational impact of neuro-anatomy award/prize in determining the overall student performance in the final professional anatomy examinations by comparing it with the result outcome of a high stake examination like neuro-anatomy incourse examination using the concept of convergent validity. A total of 57 third year medical students with the records of their grades/scores (Mean ± SD) in the various assessments criteria, were analyzed. In this study, the neuro-incourse examination was consistently a high predictor (r = 0.80; P<0.01) of student performance compared to other incourse examinations (1st incourse, r = 0.60; P<0.01 and 2nd incourse, r = 0.30; P < 0.01 respectively). However, the neuro-incourse examination tests students’ performance in a relatively difficult module and was found to be consistently correlated and highest when compared with the overall professional examination as a result of student motivation.

Key words: Motivation, medical students, neuro-anatomy, curriculum, assessment, professional examination, anatomy, performance, Lagos.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessing Drought Resistance Mechanisms in Tomato Varieties via In Vitro Screening with Polyethylene Glycol

Manoj Kulkarni1* and Uday Deshpande2

1School of Biotechnology, Vidya Pratishthan, Baramati Dist. Pune, India.
2School of Life Sciences, SRTMU, Nanded, India.

Accepted 19 October, 2024

Drought is a major abiotic factor that limits plant growth and productivity. Tomato is an important vegetable crop and area under production is limited by irrigation water scarcity. Effort was made to screen tomato germplasm under in vitro condition using polyethylene glycol (PEG) at four concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 g/l) with two replications in factorial CRD. Important seedling characters like root length and weight; shoot length and weight were recorded. Drought resistant mutant derivatives and hybrid produced using mutant derivative as female parent performed significantly superior for root characters. Decrease in seedling growth was worth notice with increasing concentration of PEG indicating precise nature of the in vitro screening. Mutant hybrid and its derivatives were observed with outstanding ability to continue root growth under in vitro stress conditions indicating there ability to fight with sever water stress situation. These results were further confirmed for early indication traits in raised bed seedlings and fully-grown mature plants under field conditions. At all three experimental conditions, mutant derivatives and hybrids performed better than cultivated genotypes under all levels of water stress. Based on results, Hy- 3 and MTG 1-4 were found to be drought resistant due to there remarkable performance at all levels of water stress. This in vitro screening method is potential and cost effective method to screen large set of germplasm within very less time period and accurately.

Key words: Drought, tomato, polyethylene glycol, xylem, anatomy.