International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Epidemiological analysis of cancer trends in Blantyre, Malawi: A decade-long study (1996-2005) and future projections

Humphrey Misiri^1,2, Charles Dzamalala^3, Abdi Edriss^6, D Max Parkin^4, and Freddie Bray^1,5

¹Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
²Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
³Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
⁴CTSU, University of Oxford, UK
⁵Norwegian Cancer Registry, Oslo, Norway
⁶Bunda Collage, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi

Accepted 21 October, 2023

Abstract

As in many sub-Saharan countries, communicable diseases have been given greater public health priority in Malawi, although the magnitude of the cancer burden is increasing as a result of demographic changes, as well as the impact of the HIV pandemic. To be able to describe the patterns of cancer between 1996 and 2005 and to predict the incidence and total burden of cancer for 2015,we analysed data from the Malawi National Cancer Registry for the period from 1996 to 2005. We obtained age standardized incidence rates for the most common cancers in Malawi. Linear trend models were used to predict incidence rates and the burden of cancer for Blantyre for 2015. The most common cancers, in terms of age-standardized (world) incidence rates were Kaposi sarcoma (50.5 per 100,000 for males, 26.4 for females), cervical cancer (49.3 per 100,000), oesophageal cancer (22.3 for males, 14.6 for females), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (6.6 for males, 5.3 for females), eye cancer (4.4 for males, 5.4 for females), and breast cancer (11.9). Predictions based on the rather rapidly increasing trends would yield an upper limit of 2512 cases of cancer in Malawi by 2015; an absolute percentage increase of 193.4 % and 242.7 % among males and females, respectively. Based on our analysis we conclude that incidence rates of cancer in Blantyre have been increasing between 1996 and 2005. Apart from the AIDS pandemic in Malawi, population growth and ageing will also contribute to the projected threefold increase in the number of cancer cases.

Keywords: Cancer, incidence, predictions, time trends

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper
    
Innovative stereological method for schizophrenia assessment via CT imaging: Analyzing ventricle-to-brain volume ratio

Gul Guven¹, Bunyamin Sahin², Gokay Aksaray³, Hilmi Ozden¹*, Gonul Baylan³, Baki Adapinar⁴, Eyyup Gulbandilar⁵ and Ertugrul Colak⁶

¹Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
²Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
³Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
⁴Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
⁵Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
⁶Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.

Accepted 21 November, 2023

Abstract

There are several studies that have proposed different criteria for evaluating the volumes of the cerebral hemispheres, the lateral and third ventricles in patients with schizophrenia seen on routine computed tomography (CT) images. These approaches use solely the volume of the cerebrum and/or lateral ventricles, length and width measurements of the ventricles, and ventricle to brain ratio (VBR). In the present study, we proposed a new unbiased approach namely ventricle to brain volume fraction (VBF). CT scans of 23 patients with schizophrenia and 23 matched controls were blindly assessed by three independent observers. VBF, total brain volume and ventricle volumes were calculated and compared. The subjects with schizophrenia showed higher VBF than the control subjects (P = 0.000) with mean (±SEM) VBF values of 2.71±0.16 and 1.62±0.10%, respectively. No gender difference was found. Older subjects had a higher VBF than those younger in controls but not patients. Correlation was observed for VBF estimations made by three independent observers (r = 0.979; P = 0.000). The studies measuring VBR on schizophrenia revealed inconsistent findings. Comparing solely the brain volumes or ventricle volumes between two groups, instead of using volume fraction method, will not provide reliable data. VBF described here easily could be used for the analysis of the brain structures of schizophrenia using standard CT scans not requiring any additional expense. In addition; evaluation of the whole section series gives real ventricular and cerebral volumes.

Key words: Cavalieri method, computed tomography (CT), schizophrenia.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Key words: Tumor, pleomorphic adenoma.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Exploring the efficacy of CT-Guided percutaneous microwave ablation in lung tumors: An initial study

Xin Li^1,2, Baowei Dong¹, Lin Sheng¹, Xiaoling Yu¹, Zhiyu Han¹, He Ren¹, Qiujie Shao² and Ping Liang¹*

¹Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.

²Department of Ultrasound, Chinese General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing 100039, P. R. China.

Accepted 24 August, 2023

Abstract

To assess the feasibility and safety of percutaneous microwave ablation of the lung in rabbits, percutaneous puncture and lung microwave ablation were performed in seven New Zealand white rabbits under computed tomography (CT) guidance. Technical feasibility and complications were evaluated. Two rabbits were sacrificed immediately and gross and microscopic pathology was analyzed. The remaining rabbits received CT scans 1 week and 3 months later. CT scans showed the ablation size was 1.1 ~ 1.6 cm immediately after ablation. The lesions shrank slightly 1 week later. After 3 months, the ablation lesions involuted significantly and even disappeared. Mild pneumothorax was found in 2 rabbits but resolved spontaneously 1 week later. Histologic changes in the microwave lesions were observed which were characterized by the central necrosis and edema of surrounding tissues. It is feasible and safe to perform CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of the lung in rabbits. Although further study is still required; microwave ablation can be used as a minimally invasive and effective therapeutic technique in patients with lung tumors.

Key words: Lung, computed tomography, microwave ablation.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 12 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Protective effect of ethanol extract of neem leaves on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in wistar rats

Terkula Kpela¹*, Theresa B. Ekanem² and Amaber O. Akpantah²

¹Department of Anatomy, Benue State University College of Health Sciences, Makurdi, Nigeria.

²Department of Anatomy, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Accepted 27 January, 2023

Abstract

The protective effect of neem leaf extract on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in wistar rats was investigated. Twenty rats weighing 180-200g were divided into four treatment groups, each containing five animals. Group I served as control. Group II received a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg) on day one. Group III received oral administration of neem leaf extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 14 days followed by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Group IV received a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at a dose of 10 mg/kg on day one followed by oral doses of neem leaf extract (500 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. All animals were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia two days after the last treatment day of the experiment. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. The kidneys were removed and processed through paraffin sections for hematoxylin and eosin as well as deoxyribonucleic acid staining. Results showed that cisplatin-induced apoptosis, necrosis, and raised serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels were normalized by pretreatment with neem leaf extract. We conclude, therefore, that neem leaf extract can attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats.

Keywords: Nephrotoxicity, cisplatin, neem leaf extract, wistar rat.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 12 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigating the prevalence of HBsAg among Fulani Nomads in Toro, North-Eastern Nigeria

Gambo, I.M.¹*, Rabiu, A.M.¹, Muhammad, M.B.² and Shugaba, A.I.²

¹Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.

²Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.

Accepted 03 September, 2022

Abstract

This study aimed at studying the prevalence of HBsAg among Fulani nomads in Toro,Nigeria. Patients (n=182) were included in this study. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained. Samples were collected and processed using a standard laboratory procedure. HBV antigen was determined using a Skytec Rapid Diagnostic Kits. the age of the subjects ranged 18-55 years (mean age= 33years). Samples were obtained from asymptomatic subjects from November 2011 to June 2012.The gender-specific seroprevalence was found to be in the ratio of about 2:1 male-female. Infection rate was found to be higher in those between 25 and 29 years (8.2%) followed by those the age group 30-37 years (6.0%). The seroprevalence of HBV infection in this study was therefore found to be gender specific (P<0.05). This study revealed a considerably high level of infection rates among the Fulanis in Toro North-Eastern Nigeria. It is an indication of poor health education among the study group and this call for stringent measures to tackle the spread of the disease. Massive health education and immunization campaign will assist in curving the trend of the infection thereby reducing the long-term burden of the disease.

Keywords: HBV, Seroprevalence, Toro, North-Eastern Nigeria.