Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Characterization and pathogenic evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from West Azerbaijan province-Iran

Shahram Aramideh¹*, Mohammad Hassan Saferalizadeh², Ali Asghar Pourmirza², Mahmuod Rezazadeh Bari³, Mansureh Keshavarzi⁴ and Mahdi Mohseniazar⁵

¹Department of Plant Protection, institute Biotechnology, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

²Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

³Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia. Iran.

⁴Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran.

⁵Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

Accepted 2 June, 2016

Abstract

In order to find native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, toxic to some agricultural pests, a survey was conducted in West Azerbaijan province. B. thuringiensis strains were isolated using acetate selection method with different concentrations. The morphology of crystals was studied using light microscopy. Bioassay tests were conducted on Culex pipiens (L.) as well as Pieris brassica (L.). Biochemical tests performed to identify the isolated strains. Based on the results, 48 B. thuringiensis strains were isolated from 740 samples. The best acetate concentration was determined as 0.25M (56.25%). Soil samples were the main source of B. thuringiensis (66%). Majority of strains (58%) had bipyramidal crystals. There was significant difference in toxicity to insects among B. thuringiensis isolates, 18.74 and 35.41% of the isolates were toxic to larvae of C. pipiens and P. brassicae, respectively, causing more than 50% mortality. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was the most common biochemical type (12 isolates = 25%). Results indicated that B_t isolates with insecticide activity could be used in integrated pest management to control agricultural and medical pests.

Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis isolate, Culex pipiens, Pieris brassica, Insecticidal activity

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full length Research Paper

Partial characterization of extracellular xylanolytic activity derived from Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1

Inkyung Park² and Jaiesoon Cho^1,2*

¹Department of Animal Sciences and Environment, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.

²Animal Resources Research Center, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang- dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.

Accepted 28 May, 2016

Abstract

An Antarctic bacterial isolate was found to exhibit the extracellular xylanolytic activity. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was named Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1. The maximum xylanase production was achieved by growing Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1 in media with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.5% yeast extract, which were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Optimal enzyme activity occurred at 50^°C and pH 6.0. The xylanase was very specific for xylan with little or no activity on other carbohydrates and synthetic aryl-glycosides substrates. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ and strongly inhibited by SDS. The KIJ1 xylanase may offer potential for use as a microbial feed additive.

Key words: Paenibacillus sp., antarctic, xylanase, xylan, microbial.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full length Research Paper

An in vitro assessment of inhibitory effect of 16 strains of probiotics on the germination of Candida albicans

Huan Tang¹, Jiong Ren², Jing Yuan¹, Benhua Zeng¹ and Hong Wei¹*

¹Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, P. R. China.

²Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, 400038, China

Accepted 31 May, 2016

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antagonistic activity of probiotics isolated from products to germination of Candida albicans in vitro. The spent culture supernatant, live bacteria, heat-killed bacteria of 16 strains of probiotics and main bacterial short-chain fatty acids were applied to inhibit the germination of C. albicans in vitro by crystal violet-based germ tube assay. Neutral SCS of all the probiotcis evaluated in this research could decrease germination significantly and live bacteria of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lactobacillus plantarum LA, Lactobacillus johnsonii JCM1022, Bacillus Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and Bacillus lich could partially inhibit the conversion of yeast to germ. However, all the heat-killed bacteria failed to control the germ tube formation. Furthermore, only butyric acid blocked the conversion of yeast to hypha among all the SCFAs. These results suggest that L. rhamnosus LGG, L. plantarum LA and L. johnsonii JCM1022, B.Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and B. lich maybe potential strains to use as antifungal drugs and the inhibition seems to have direct correlation to the metabolites butyric acid.

Key words: Candida albicans, antifungal drugs, germ tube, probiotics, butyric acid.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06

Biniyam Yalemtesfa¹, Tesfaye Alemu² and Amutha Santhanam^3*

¹Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, Debrezeit, Ethiopia.

²Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

³Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Accepted 2 June, 2016

Orange waste consisting of both peel and pulp is highly susceptible to hydrolysis by mixtures of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes which give it potential as feedstock for biological conversion to value added products. Whereas the pulp is relatively rich in carbohydrate, the peel consists of 16.9% soluble sugars, 9.21% cellulose, 10.5% hemicellulose and 42.5% pectin as the most important components. Thus, Aspergillus niger (KA-06) and Chaetomium spp (KC-06) isolated from municipal waste were investigated for their ability to degrade orange waste under solid substrate fermentation (SSF). This study evaluated the influence of various fermentation parameters such as substrate concentration, initial moisture content, Nitrogen source supplementation, inoculum concentration, temperature and pH on the biodegradation of orange waste into protein enriched biomass using A. niger (KA- 06) and Chaetomium spp (KC- 06). The production of protein enriched biomass from orange waste as a substrate for the fermentation process was found to be optimized by moisture content of 40% and substrate concentration of 10 g with inoculum of 10⁶ to 10⁸spores/ml at 25^°C for both Chaetomium spp (KC-06) and A. niger (KA- 06). The maximum protein content of 39.64% was obtained with Chaetomium spp (KC-06) at inoculum load of 10⁸ spores/ml. A. niger (KA-06) give a protein yield of 31.7% with inoculum load of 10⁶ spores/ml. This research has demonstrated the potential for protein production from orange waste under solid substrate fermentation.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium spp., orange waste, solid substrate fermentation.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Urinary tract infection among female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

O. O. Ojo¹ and I. I. Anibijuwon²

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Accepted 19 January, 2017

Abstract

Seven hundred and eighty (780) female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti were examined for significant bacteria indicative of urinary tract infections. Analysis of their clean-voided, midstream urine revealed that 507 (65%) female students have significant bacteria, 146 (18.75%) indicated insignificant bacteria while 127 (16.25%) showed no growth. Fifty eight (58) bacterial isolates were obtained from samples positive for bacteria. 8 (13.8%) were sensitive to streptomycin, 7 (12.1%) to tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and ampicillin, while only 4 (6.9%) isolates were sensitive to dalacine. However, bacterial isolates obtained from this survey generally showed similar pattern of resistance to antibiotics. The fifty-eight (58) bacterial isolates were tentatively characterized into six genera. The frequencies of occurrence of the bacterial species are in the order: Escherichia coli (32.75%), Proteus sp. (17.25%), Klebsiella sp. (13.79%), Staphylococcus sp. (12.07%), Streptococcus sp. (8.63%) and Pseudomonas sp. (5.17%). However, 6 (10.34%) of the isolates were unidentified.

Key word: Female student, university campus, bacteria, antibiotics, resistance.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro antimicrobial activity of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants against some bacteria of veterinary importance

Yitbarek Habtamu¹, Tadesse Eguale²*, Alehegne Wubete³ and Takele Sori¹

¹College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.

²Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

³National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia.

Accepted 28 May, 2016

Abstract

Due to rapid development of resistance and high cost of the new generation antibiotics, lots of efforts are being made to discover new antimicrobial agents from different sources. In the current study aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of leaves of Jasminium abyssinicum, Myrsine africana, Foenicum vulgare and aerial part of Leonotis ocymifolia were screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Species of bacteria that cause various diseases in domestic animals namely, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella gallinarum , Manhaemia haemolytica, Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactae were used for investigation of antibacterial activity. Except for aqueous extract of L. ocymifolia, all of the plant extracts demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity on most of the bacterial species tested. The three highest zones of inhibition was exhibited by aqueous extracts of M. africana against S. aureus (19.5 mm), J. abyssinicum against M. haemolytica (19 mm) and F. vulgare against P. gallinarium (19 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by the plants against test organisms varied from 10 - 1000 µg /ml. However, no plant extract has shown antibacterial effect against E. coli using both agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods at concentrations tested. Further detailed in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these medicinal plants should be carried out.

Key words: Medicinal plants, bacterial isolates, antibacterial activities, extract types.