ISSN 2736-1756
Review
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal contaminated soils
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal contaminated soils
Akbar Karimi1, Habib Khodaverdiloo1*, Mozhgan Sepehri2 and Mirhassan Rasouli Sadaghiani1
1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 57135-165, Iran.
2Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
Accepted 15 January, 2019
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associations are integral, functioning parts of plant roots and are widely recognized as enhancing plant growth on severely disturbed sites, including those contaminated with heavy metals (HMs). They are reported to be present on the roots of plants growing on HM-contaminated soils and play an important role in metal tolerance and accumulation. Isolation of the indigenous and presumably stress-adapted AMF can be a potential biotechnological tool for inoculation of plants for successful restoration of degraded ecosystems. Plants grown in metal contaminated sites harbour unique metal tolerant and resistant microbial communities in their rhizosphere. These rhizo-microflora secrete plant growth-promoting substances, siderophores, phytochelators to alleviate metal toxicity, enhance the bioavailability of metals (phytoremediation) and complexation of metals (phytostabilisation). Most studies of HM toxicity to soil microorganisms have concentrated on effect where loss of microbial function can be observed and the effects on biodiversity within microbial populations and communities have not significantly been evaluated. This review highlights the interaction between HM-contaminated soils and AMF.
Key words: Activity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biodiversity, functionality, heavy metal, soil contamination.
Akbar Karimi, Habib Khodaverdiloo*, Mozhgan Sepehri and Mirhassan Rasouli Sadaghiani
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Biodegradation of swainsonine by five types of plasmid-transformants from genomic library of Arthrobacter sp. HW08
Yanchun Hu1,2, Yan Wang1, Jianna Wang3, Guodong Yang1, Haili Li1, Guoxia Geng1 and Jianhua Wang1
1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
2Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
3Hospital of Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of swainsonine (SW) biodegradation by five types of transformants from the genomic library of Arthrobacter sp. HW08, explore preliminarily metabolites and deduce the metabolic pathway. Using 1000 mg·l-1 SW as the sole carbon source, MSM containing five transformants at a proportion for 1:1(V:V) was incubated at 30°C, 180 r·min-1. The degradation rate of SW was 99.78% in 48 h, and SW could be completely degraded in 72 h. Compared with samples containing SW in 0 h, two special spots of metabolites were visualized with iodine vapor by TLC. Two kinds of primary metabolites (stearic acid and palmitinic acid) and two kinds of intermediate metabolites appeared in the process of metabolism of SW by GC and GC-MS whose m/z was 388.2 and 314.3 amu respectively. Ultimately, four kinds of end-products appeared in the process of metabolism of SW. This work demonstrates the preliminary results on metabolites of degrading SW by five transformants from Arthrobacter sp. HW08. This work also provides further information on metabolic pathway of SW from strain HW08.
Key words: Swainsonine, biodegradation, metabolites, transformants, Arthrobacter sp. HW08.
Yanchun Hu, Guodong Yang, Guoxia Geng and Jianhua Wang, Yan Wang, Jianna Wang, Haili Li
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-010, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Screening and production of antibacterial compound from Trichoderma spp. against human-pathogenic bacteria
Rashad M. Saleh1, Saleh A. Kabli1, Saleh M. Al-Garni1 and Saleh A. Mohamed2,3*
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia.
2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia.
3Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Accepted 10 January, 2019
Abstract
This study focus on the production of antibacterial compound from Trichoderma spp. Screening of antibacterial activities in some Trichoderma spp. was investigated using CYS80 medium. Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride were highly effective toward human-pathogenic bacteria tested. T. viride and T. reesei were separately applied on Sephacryl S–200 column. Column fractions No. 56 to 64 for T. viride and fractions No. 57 to 66 for T. reesei had inhibitory effect against the most pathogenic bacteria examined. T. reesei and T. viride Sephacryl S-200 fractions with antibacterial activity were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The product with highest peak (95%), using different libraries, was kojic acid. The yield of kojic acid crystals from T. reesei and T. viride Sephacryl S-200 fractions were 3 and 5 g/L, respectively. Physical analysis of kojic acid with respect to UV, IR, 1HNMR analysis and melting point was examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kojic acid and augmentin, as control, against human-pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. Kojic acid and augmentin showed a similar time-killing kinetics with human-pathogenic bacteria. The level of kojic acid increased with decreased level of reducing sugar during the growth of T. reesei and T. viride suggesting that the enzyme system for the synthesis of kojic acid found in the cell of these fungi.
Key words: Trichoderma spp., human-pathogenic bacteria, kojic acid, minimum inhibitory concentration.
Saleh M. Al-Garni and Saleh A. Mohamed*, Rashad M. Saleh, Saleh A. Kabli
Research Article
The in vivo antileishmanial activity of alcoholic extract from Nigella sativa seeds
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The in vivo antileishmanial activity of alcoholic extract from Nigella sativa seeds
Ali Fattahi Bafghi1*, Ali Reza Vahidi2, Mohammad Hossein Anvari1, Kazem Barzegar3 and Mahin Ghafourzadeh4
1Medical Parasitological and Mycology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
2Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
3The General Courses Department, School of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
4Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Accepted 12 January, 2019
Abstract
The effect of an alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa seeds was surveyed on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. A subcutaneous inoculation of Leishmania (L) major at the dorsal base of the tail produced swelling, inflammation, stiffness, redness and sore. As soon as symptoms appeared, the ointment was used on the wound of mice as a treatment (the seeds were dried and crushed into coarse powder. Five hundred grams of the powder were extracted with ethanol 95% v/v. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure of 22 to 26 mmHg at 45°C, then 40, 60 and 80% of Nigella sativa seed extract were prepared in ointment base). As the animals were weighed by the scales, lesion development was monitored every other day with a direct-reading vernier caliper gauge. This monitoring continued to the death of the last mice in the control group. Then the spleens of mice in each group were measured and controlled. Weight loss or stoppage was not observed in any of the case group mice. But the wound diameter in all case groups was smaller, compared to the control group. Swelling, inflammation, stiffness, redness, necrosis and secondary infection were less in the case group mice compared to the control group mice. So, these results indicate that the alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa, showed a significant anti-cutaneous leishmanial activity and this validates the traditional use of the plant in fungal infections.
Key words: Leishmania (L) major, alcoholic extract, antileishmania, BALB/c mice.
Kazem Barzegar and Mahin Ghafourzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Anvari, Ali Fattahi Bafghi*, Ali Reza Vahidi
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Microflora distribution and assessment of microbiological quality milk from Tunisian collection centres
Hamida Ksontini1,2, Faten Kachouri1,2 and Moktar Hamdi 2*
1Ecole Supérieure des Industries Alimentaires de Tunis (ESIAT), 58. Rue Alain Savary, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia.
2Laboratoires d’Ecologie et de Technologie Microbienne Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), Boulevard de la Terre, BP676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
Eighty samples of raw milk, collected from eight Tunisian centres, were characterised. All these samples contained approximately 1011 cfu/ml of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts and coliforms dominated the microflora of these samples. They varied from 105 to 109 cfu/ml. More than 70% of the analysed samples contained 106 cfu/ml of Pseudomonas. The content of contaminating microflora like Staphylococcus, coliforms and mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus ranged from 102 to 109 cfu/ml. However, mesophilic and thermophilic Clostridium were absent in all samples. This study could allow establishing the microflora distribution, revealing the non conformity of these eighty samples with standards, and pointing out eventual microbiological standards values of raw collected milk by comparison with standards.
Key words: Raw milk, milk collect, contamination, milk standards, microbiological references.
Hamida Ksontini, Faten Kachouri and Moktar Hamdi*
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Clinical and epidemiological description of Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in a regional teaching hospital in China
Jing Ping Zhang1, Wan Zhu2, Su Fei Tian3, Yun Zhuo Chu3 and Bai Yi Chen1*
1Division of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
2Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001,
3Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
Accepted 09 January, 2019
Abstract
To elucidate the clinical characteristics of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 34 isolates genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were collected from January 2007 to December 2007. Isolates were most commonly found in the ICU and burn ward in this study, accounting for 47.06% (16 isolates) and 26.47% (9 isolates) of the total isolates, respectively. For the most patients infected by A. baumannii, three to seven risk factors generally existed. But some factors (including diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases and tumor) were mostly negative for those patients. The clinical data obtained suggested that the three clinical risk factors may take little action in the nosocomial infection caused by A. baumanniis in the hospital. As for the use of antimicrobial, different types were selected before the occurrence of the most infections. This may be an important factor leading to the multi-drug resistance.
Key words: Acinetobacter baumannii, clinical characteristics, epidemiological description, risk factors.
Yun Zhuo Chu and Bai Yi Chen*, Wan Zhu, Jing Ping Zhang, Su Fei Tian