ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in clinical isolates from a teaching hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan
Shahina Mumtaz1, Jawad Ahmed2*, Liaqat Ali1 and Hamid Hussain3
1Department of Pathology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 2Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
3Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Accepted 22 March, 2019
Abstract
Infections caused by ESBL producing members of the enterobacteriaceae have rapidly increased all over the world. ESBL increase the possibility of failure of empiric antimicrobial regimens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL in bacterial isolates and to look into the options for treating infections caused by these organisms. A total of 4,150 isolates of enterobacteriaceae were studied. ESBL producer isolates were 371 (8.94%) out of which 281 (75.7%) were recovered from admitted patients while 90 (24.3%) were recovered from outdoor patients. ESBL detection was carried out according to Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI) criteria. Majority of the ESBL producing isolates were obtained from urine 282 (76.0%), followed by swabs 69 (18.6%) fluids 12 (3.2%) blood 06 (1.7%) and sputum 02 (0.5%). The ESBL phenotype was detected in 322 (89.5%) of the isolates of E. coli, 20 (5.4%) of Klebsiella spp. 14 (3.8%) Enterobacter and 05 (1.3%) Citrobacter spp. Carbapenems was the drug of choice for serious infection with ESBL – producing organisms in Peshawar. These should not be administered as empiric therapy, because their over use can result in significant resistance in future.
Key words: Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), cephalosporins, Escherichia coli, phenotype screening.
Shahina Mumtaz, Liaqat Ali and Hamid Hussain, Jawad Ahmed*
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in the commercial layer flocks of the Centernorth of Iran
Payam Haghighi-Khoshkhoo*, Gita Akbariazad, Masood Roohi, Javad Inanlo, Mehran Masoumi and Pedram Sami-Yousefi
Department of Clinical Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj- Iran.
Accepted 12 February, 2019
Abstract
This survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections in commercial layer farms in Centernorth of Iran. A total of 2000 serum samples were collected from 40 commercial layer flocks (50 samples/ flock) mostly > 40-week-old. Sera tested by serum plate agglutination (SPA) method using commercial MG antigen and MS antigen. Positive reactions retested by SPA on 1:8 dilution and the flocks with more than 10% positive reactions considered positive serologically. The results showed that 4 of 40 (10%) flocks were MG positive and the rest (90%) were negative. About MS, 17 of 40 (42.5%) flocks were positive and 33 of 40 (57.5%) were negative. Sera tested for MG were: 125 of 2000 (6.25%) positive, 1821 of 2000 (91.05%) negative and 54 of 2000 (2.7%) suspect. Sera for MS were: 371 of 2000 (18.55%) positive, 1617 of 2000 (80.85%) negative and 12 of 2000 (0.6%) suspect. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between MS positive flocks and strain (LSL flocks compared to Hy-Line flocks) and capacity of the farms significantly (P<0.05). It seems that the seroprevalence of MS in the commercial layer flocks of the Centernorth of Iran is high.
Key words: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, seroprevalence, serum plate agglutination test.
Javad Inanlo, Masood Roohi, Gita Akbariazad, Mehran Masoumi and Pedram Sami-Yousefi, Payam Haghighi-Khoshkhoo*
Research Article
Killing kinetics and bactericidal mechanism of action of Alpinia galanga on food borne bacteria
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Killing kinetics and bactericidal mechanism of action of Alpinia galanga on food borne bacteria
Siriporn Okonogi1*, Waranee Prakatthagomol1, Chadarat Ampasavate1 and Srikanjana Klayraung2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
2Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.
Accepted 10 February, 2019
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the killing kinetics and bactericidal mechanism of action of A. galanga against food borne bacteria in order to promote this plant as a source of natural preservative. The comparison on antibacterial power was firstly done among its essential oil and the crude extracts obtained from various extracting solvents. The essential oil showed the extremely strongest antibacterial activity and more effective killing activity against Gram negative than Gram positive food borne bacteria. The kinetic time of the oil for complete bactericidal action against E. coli was 40 min whereas that of gentamicin was 120 min. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of bacterial morphology after exposed to the oil showed bacterial membrane destruction. It was concluded that the essential oil is the highest potential part of A. galanga against food borne bacteria. Its killing kinetics against Gram negative bacteria was extremely faster than a broad spectrum antibiotic gentamicin. Its mechanism of bactericidal action was along with the bacterial membrane disruption and malfunction leading to cell death.
Key words: Alpinia galanga, antibacterial, mechanism of action, essential oil, killing kinetics.
Chadarat Ampasavate and Srikanjana Klayraung, Siriporn Okonogi*, Waranee Prakatthagomol
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction promotes proliferative vitreoretinopathy induced by RPE-J cells and platelet-rich plasma
Xiaozhi Zheng1, Ping Ji1 and Jianqun Hu2*
1Department of Ultrasound, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng), Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
2Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
Accepted 23 January, 2019
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been considered as a new approach to the gene therapy of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), but whether it affect the in vivo PVR model induction remains unknown. In this study, 90 Wistar rats were averagely divided into three groups according to the content of intravitreal injection: normal saline (Group 1), retinal pigmented epithelial -J cells and PRP (Groups 2 and 3). In Group 3, a condition of UTMD was used additionally on days 3 and 7 after injection. On days 14 and 28, the pathological changes of eye grounds were assessed, and the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)- 2 and platelet -derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB were tested. In Group 3, proliferation in the eyes was significantly stronger and faster than that of Group 2 and the ratio of PVR was significantly higher than that of Group 2. The expression levels of TGF- 2 and PDGF-BB were significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 2. These data suggested that UTMD promotes PVR induced by RPE- J cells and PRP which provide a new method for the development of rat PVR model. This also reminds us that the effects of UTMD should be taken into consideration when using UTMD as an approach to attenuate PVR.
Key words: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, rat model, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction, retinal pigmented epithelial -J cells, platelet-rich plasma.
Ping Ji and Jianqun Hu*, Xiaozhi Zheng
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Optimization of growth conditions for mycelial yield and exopolysaccharride production by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Nigeria
Adebayo-Tayo B. C.1, Jonathan S. G.1*, Popoola O. O.1 and Egbomuche R. C.2
1Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
Optimum culture condition for mycelia and exopolysaccharides production (EPS) by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged liquid culture was investigated. The optimum temperature for mycelia yield and exopolysaccharide production was 25 and 15°C in day 14 with yields of 1.40 g/ml and 2700 mg/l respectively. Optimum pH was found to be 8 with respective yields of 2.5 g/ml and 2665 mg/l in day 12 for mycelia and EPS mannitol (9.75 g/litre) and raffinose stimulated the highest mycelia growth (3.0 g/ml) and EPS production (3000 mg/l) at day 14 respectively. Mycelia yield (2.10 g/ml) and EPS production (2700 mg/l) was optimally supported by urea. Glycine (1.0 g) and leucine (1.0 g) supported optimum production of mycelia yield (2.5 g/ml) and EPS concentration (2925 mg/l) respectively while folic acid and ascorbic acid induced the moderate mycelia yield and EPS concentration respectively. These results have shown that significant improvement in mycelia yield and EPS production by P. ostreatus could be enhanced through submerged cultivation under appropriate optimized conditions.
Key words: Culture, Pleurotus ostreatus, mycelia yield, exopolysaccharride-production.
Adebayo-Tayo B. C, Jonathan S. G*, Popoola O. O and Egbomuche R. C
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Comparison of the electro transformation of plasmids and plasmid stability between Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4
Shaolan Zou1*, Minhua Zhang1,2, Jiefang Hong1, Yuanyuan Ma1 and Weina Zhang1
1Biomass Conversion Laboratory, Tianjin R&D Center For Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
2State Key Laboratory of Engine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
Four different plasmids were electro transformed into Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4, two important ethanol-producing strains. The results showed that the best source strain for preparing plasmids was the transformed host strain itself, and Escherichia coli JM110 as the source strain could yield significantly higher transformation efficiencies than Top10. The optimal recovery time of transformed ZM4 or CP4 cells to obtain maximum number of transformants and highest transformation efficiency was 11 h for pZB21-mini, pZB21 and pZA22, but 24 or 20 h for pBBR1MCS-2. The optimal electric field strength for pZB21-mini was 13.25 kV /cm in ZM4 and 14.0 kV /cm in CP4.But for pZA22 and pBBR1MCS-2, it was 11.75 kV /cm in ZM4 and 12.5 kV /cm in CP4; for pZB21, also 12.5 kV /cm in CP4.These plasmids were shown to be more stable in ZM4 than in CP4 by serial transfer to antibiotic-free medium and the 3 plasmids were more stable than pBBR1MCS-2. The results will help to support the genetic and biotechnological research of Z. mobilis by providing information about some of the most important factors that influence the transformation of ZM4 and CP4, and also providing insights into the similarities and differences in their restriction-modification (R-M) systems.
Key words: Zymomonas mobilis, plasmids, electroporation, transformation, plasmid stability.
Minhua Zhang, Shaolan Zou*, Yuanyuan Ma and Weina Zhang, Jiefang Hong