International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Factors associated with infections in diabetic population

Syed Wasif Gillani¹*, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman¹, Shameni Sundram², Yelly Oktavia Sari^3,4, Mirza Baig⁵ and Muhammad Shahid Iqbal⁶

¹School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

²Hospital Pulau Pinang, 10990, Residential Street, Penang, Malaysia.

³Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia.

⁴Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.

⁵Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aimst University, Kedah, Malaysia.

⁶School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Malaysia.

Accepted 14 July, 2021

Abstract

Increase in the prevalence of diabetes worldwide and it becoming an epidemic has resulted in a clinical research shift to the management of diabetes mellitus globally. The study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic differences among diabetes patients with infection incidence. The study was conducted in an urban, governmental hospital in Penang Malaysia. The records of patients, more than and equal to age 18 years, who were admitted with diabetes mellitus between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010 were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17®. This study was approved by the hospitals “Clinical Research Committee (CRC)” as well as “Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH)”. During the time period of January 2008 through December 2010, there were total 2174 diabetes patients admitted; 2174 (100%) patients’ charts were reviewed. Of the total, 1063 (48.9%) were males and the rest, 1111 (51.1%), females. Mean and standard distribution (SD) showed females have less mean age distribution (35.2 ±4.187 years) as compared to males (37.9±5.724 years). A total of 798 (36.7%) had infection exposure before and/or during hospital admission; statistical significance (p<0.001) was found in association of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and infection exposure. Though the rate of hospitalization increased among females, OR showed that males were more likely to get the infection severely as compared to females (1.81 (95%CI 1.1-2.40) p <0.021). Profound ethnic difference is three times more prone to severity rate of infection among Malay diabetic patients as compared to other non-Malays (OR 3.44 (95%CI 1.60-5.68) p<0.001). Further analysis showed that with the age of 65 years and history of diabetes (mean ± SD: 27.13 ± 2.782) average patient utilizes 135.7 days (average) of antibiotic course. Increased and recurrent use of antibiotic was found among Malays; also Malays predominantly experience clinical manifestations (poor glycaemic control) as compared to other ethnics. Every third patient with diabetes mellitus had infectious exposure.

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, infections, factors association, clinical management, metabolic disorder, endocrinology.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review

A review of the traditional medicinal uses of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae)

Subrata Kumar Biswas¹*, Anusua Chowdhury¹, Joysree Das¹, S. M. Zahid Hosen¹, Riaz Uddin² and Md. Shahedur Rahaman¹

¹Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh.

²Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh.

Accepted 12 December, 2020

Abstract

Kalanchoe pinnata (Family: Crassulaceae) is an important plant which has many traditional medicinal uses. The main objective of this literature review was to give advance information for the drug discovery research for K. pinnata. It was found that this plant showed various pharmacological activities such as anthelmentic, immunosuppressive, wound healing, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic, nephroprotective, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, analgesic, anticonvulsant, neuropharmacological and antipyretic. Anthelmentic activity was found due to the presence of tannins of the extract of K. pinnata and steroid glycosides such as bufadienolide showed wound healing activity. It was also found that the different flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids and other chemical constituents of the plant were responsible for the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. Quercetin had a marked protective effect on cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and possessed potent oral efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis. The two new novel flavonoids such as 5^I Methyl 4^I, 5, 7 trihydroxyl flavone and 4^I, 3, 5, 7 tetrahydroxy 5-methyl 5^I-propenamine anthocyanidines could be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of K. pinnata. Five bufadienolides (1-5) isolated from the leaves of K. pinnata were potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Quercitrin, a flavonoid, is a critical component of K. pinnata extract against an extreme allergic reaction. This literature review gave the evidence-based information regarding the phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity of the medicinal plant, K. pinnata which could help researchers for more advanced qualitative research.

Key words: Kalanchoe pinnata, phytochemical, nephroprotective, immunosuppressive, neuropharmacological.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of organophosphate insecticide, malathion on the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats by α-tocopherol and selenium

Abdulaziz M. Al-Othman¹, Khaled S. Al-Numair¹, Gaber E. El-Desoky^2,3, Kareem Yusuf², Zeid A. Al Othman², Mourad A. M. Aboul-Soud^3,4* and John P. Giesy^5,6,7,8

¹Department of Community Health Sciences, College of College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

²Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

³Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.

⁴College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2245, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

⁵Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

⁶Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

⁷School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.

⁸Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 22 September, 2020

Abstract

Protection from effects of the organophosphate insecticide, malathion on the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats by -tocopherol and selenium was investigated. Significantly greater (P<0.01) mean concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lesser concentrations (P<0.01) of reduced glutathione (GSH) and tissues total proteins were observed in liver and kidney of rats exposed to malathion. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were less in livers and kidneys of rats exposed to malathion. These effects caused by exposure to malathion were reversed when rats were subsequently treated orally with 100 mg/kg b.w. tocopherol and/or 0.1 mg selenium/kg b.w. Both tocopherol and selenium (Se) reduced the concentration of MDA, and increased concentration of total proteins and reduced glutathione and mean activities of SOD, CAT and GPx, to levels that were not significantly different from unexposed, control rats, previous to exposure to malathion. Selenium was significantly ( P<0.05) more effective at recovering activities of SOD and GPx in liver and kidney of malathion treated rats than was - tocopherol, whereas, -tocopherol was significantly (P<0.05) more effective at recovering activities of CAT in liver and kidney than was Se. Both -tocopherol and Se were effective in alleviating oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats caused by malathion.

Key words: Oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E, selenium.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of wound healing potential of dermal patches 

Nilani P.*, Pranavi A., Duraisamy B., Damodaran P., Subhashini V. and Elango K.

Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Off Campus of JSS University, Rocklands, Ootacamund, 643001 Tamilnadu, India.

Accepted 22 November, 2020

Abstract

In this study, the wound healing activity of total aqueous extract and the mucilage of leaves of plant Cocculus hirsutus (L) Diels was evaluated on excision wound model. Dermal films were prepared using total aqueous extract, mucilage and polyvinyl alcohol as a polymer base. The prepared polysaccharide solutions of the total extract and the isolated mucilage were evaluated for its physiochemical properties and total bacterial count. The prepared dermal patches were subjected biodegradation studies. The results indicate statistically significant wound healing response of the dermal patch containing the aqueous extract and the mucilage of leaves of plant C. hirsutus when compared with control group and groups subjected to standard marketed medicated dermal patch. The cost effective factor and biodegradation of the prepared dermal wound healing patch was also found to be significant.

Key words: Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, wound healing, excision wound model, Dermal patches.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Celastrol attenuates atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice fed an atherogenic diet

Jun Cheng^#, Zhuo Tian^#, Jinping Li and Houyuan Hu*

Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.

Accepted 16 October, 2020

Abstract

The study is aimed to investigate the effects of celastrol on the atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE^-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet. All mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. In the last 4 weeks, apoE^-/- mice were randomly grouped to receive treatment with either celastrol (2 mg/kg/day in DMSO, i.p.) or vehicle DMSO (n=6 per group). Plasma lipids were determined enzymatically. The area of atherosclerotic lesions was measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. Celastrol inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE^-/- mice. The expressions of MIF, MMP-9, CD40L and CRP in the artery wall were significantly reduced by celastrol. Meanwhile, the lipid profile in the mice was not improved. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that celastrol inhibits atherogenesis in celastrol-treated apoE^-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet by inhibiting inflammation in the arterial wall without improving the lipid profile.

Key words: Celastrol, atherosclerosis, CD40 ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (Menispermaceae) stem bark extract against CCl₄- induced oxidative stress in rats

O. S. Olorunnisola¹, Akintola A. O.² and A. J. Afolayan¹*

¹School of Biological Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.

²Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria.

Accepted 14 September, 2020

Abstract

Methanolic stems bark extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SBSJ) was evaluated for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) - induced hepatic damage in rats. The extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally to the animals with hepatotoxicity induced by CCl₄ (30%, 1.0 ml/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated by using superoxide (O₂^.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radical scavenging assay. At a concentration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract showed a remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in a concentration dependant manner. This was evident from significant reduction (P< 0.05) in serum marker enzymes, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and lipid peroxidation. It was also observed that the extract of S. jollyanum stem bark conferred a significant (P < 0.05) protection against CCl₄ – induced total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) depletion in the liver. The plant extract restored the activities of the marker enzymes to near normal. In vitro antioxidant assay showed that SBSJ inhibit superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide radicals with IC ₅₀ values of 13.11 and 30.04 µg/ml, respectively. The present study indicated that methanolic extract of S. jollyanum possessed hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄- induced liver damage and this effect may be due to its strong antioxidant property.

Key words: Antioxidant, Spenocentrum jollyanum, carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), hepatoprotective.