International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of roasting, boiling and microwaving cooking methods on Enrofloxacin residues in edible tissues of broiler

A. Javadi¹*, H. Mirzaie¹ and S. A. Khatibi²

¹Food Hygiene Department, Veterinary Science Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, 5157944533, Iran.

²Tabriz Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, 5157944533, Iran.

Accepted 27 April, 2018

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different cooking processes like boiling, roasting and microwaving on Enrofloxacin residues in chicken muscle, liver and gizzard tissues of broiler chickens. Each of the chicks was fed by water and food with 0.05% of Enrofloxacin in their drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Then, three locations were sampled aseptically from each carcasses: breast muscle; liver and gizzard. Enrofloxacin residue was analyzed using microbial inhibition method by plates seeded with ESCHERICHIA COLI. After doing different phases of the test on raw samples, the positive raw samples were cooked by various cooking procedures and the cooked samples were surveyed with similar method again for the presence of residue. The results showed the reduction in concentration of Enrofloxacin residue after different cooking processes. The most reduced residue in cooked meat and gizzard samples related to boiling process and the cooked liver samples was the roasting process. The highest detectable amount of residue belonged to microwaving process in all cooked samples. Regarding to the results of this study, it was concluded that, cooking processes cannot annihilate total amounts of this drug and it can only decrease its amounts. Also, most of the residue in boiling process was excreted from tissue into cooking fluid.

Key words: Cooking, Enrofloxacin, residue, poultry, edible, tissue.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (11), pp. 001-007, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A novel validated rp-hplc method development for the estimation of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms

Sreekanth Nama¹*, Bahlul Z.Awen², Babu Rao Chandu², Mukkanti Kagga³

¹Department of Pharmacy, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

² College of Pharmacy, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi University, Al-Zawia, Libya.

³Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, J. N. T. University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India – 500 085.

Accepted 19 January, 2018

Abstract

A  novel,  simple  and  economic  reverse  phase  high  performance  liquid  chromatography  (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms with greater precision and accuracy. Separation was achieved on C18 column (250X4.6mm i.d., 5µm) in isocratic mode using methanol and water in the ratio 90:10 (v/v) as mobile phase, pumped in to the column   at flow rate of 1 ml/min and the detection of eluent from the column was carried out using variable wavelength detector at 280 nm. The total run time was 10 min and the column was maintained at ambient temperature. The retention times of rimonabant hydrochloride and saquinavir mesylate were 5.760 min and 4.657 min, respectively. The standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.2-10  µg/ml  and  the  LOD   and  LOQ   values   for  rimonabant   hydrochloride   were   0.0113µg/ml   and 0.0345µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 100 to 100.22 and the % RSD of intraday and inter day precision was found to be 0.572 and 0.549, respectively. The percentage amount of two different marketed tablet formulation of rimonabant hydrochloride was found to be 100.4 and 100.5%. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Validation studies demonstrated that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, specific, rapid, reliable and reproducible. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the proposed method for the routine quality control analysis of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms. 

Key words: Rimonabant hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, saquinavir mesylate, validation, isocratic, ICH guidelines

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (11), pp. 001-008, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of various functional skin parameters using a topical cream of Calendula officinalis extract

Naveed Akhtar¹, Shahiq-uz-zaman¹, Barkat Ali Khan^1*, Haji M¹, Shoaib Khan, Mahmood Ahmad¹, Fatima Rasool², Tariq Mahmood¹ and Akhtar Rasul¹

¹Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

²College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Accepted 10 August, 2018

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of newly formulated W/O emulsion (cream) of Calendula versus its vehicle (base) as control on skin pH, skin melanin, skin erythema, skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).Hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula plant was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the W/O emulsion. Base without active and formulation having 3% extarct of calendula in the aqueous phase were prepared. Samples were stored at different storage conditions that is, 8, 25, 40, 40°C+75% RH for four weeks to predict their stability. The newly formulated base and formulation were applied to the cheeks of 21 healthy human volunteers for a period of 8 weeks. The base showed insignificant (p>0.05) effects while the formulation decreased TEWL however this decrease was statistically insignificant (p> 0.05). Skin moisture content was significantly (p≤0.05) increased by the formulation. The base showed insignificant (p>0.05) effects while the formulation showed statistically significant (p≤0.05) decrease in skın melanın content. Skın erythema was significantly reduced by the formulation. Skin sebum was significantly (p≤0.05) incresaed by both creams (base and formulation). Both creams were aesthetic with respect to sensory evaluation. The topical non-invasive application of Calendula officinalis cream showed a positive rejuvenating effect on human skin. This study will encourage more attention towards research and more conviction towards utilization of herbal medicines.

Key words: Calendula extract, melanin, erythema, skin sebum, TEWL.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (11), pp. 001-005, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analgesic activity of angiotensin antagonists

Sekar Indumathy* and Subramanian Kavimani

Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences (A Govt. of Puducherry Institution) Puducherry-605006, India.

Accepted 26 July, 2018

Abstract

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARAs) are widely used compounds in various cardiovascular disorders like Hypertension, Stroke prophylaxis, Heart failure. In addition, they are approved for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. It is reported to produce analgesia on intracerebro-ventricular administration that could be blocked by naloxone. Angiotensin II has been reported for its pro-nociceptive activity. Angiotensin receptor antagonists block the action of angiotensin II by inhibiting its binding with its receptor hence, they exerts analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of angiotensin antagonists Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan evaluated by tail immersion, tail flick and tail clip methods have shown significant increase in basal reaction time. Pentazocine, a kappa receptor agonist exerted a significant analgesic effect (p<0.001). In comparison to control, angiotensin antagonists Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan show significant reduction in time for onset of writhing and also number of writhing. The % inhibitions of writhing for Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan at a dose of 20 mg/kg were 74, 68 and 73% respectively, whereas Aspirin (100 mg/kg) has 83% inhibition. All the three drugs have shown significant p value (p<0.001) which is comparable to standard control

Key words: Angiotensin antagonist, Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Isolation and cytotoxicity of triterpenes from the roots of Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

Gururaj Bagalkotkar¹, Tang Seng Chuan¹, Shaik Ibrahim Khalivulla², Ahmad Sazali Hamzah³, Khozirah Shaari^2,4, Nordin Haji Lajis^2,4, Mohammad Said Saad⁵ and Johnson Stanslas^1,2*

¹Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science , Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah–Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 – Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁵Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 11 January, 2018

Abstract

The dried powdered roots of Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). The extracts were tested for cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (lung) and DU-145 (prostate). The DCM extract exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity compared with EtOAc and MeOH extracts. Hence from the DCM extract, five pentacyclic triterpenes, 3α-acetoxyl-25-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (1), glochidone (2), 12(13)-dehydro-3α-acetoxyolean-28-oic acid (3), lupanyl acetate (4) and glochidonol (5) were isolated and identified by spectroscopic analyses (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, UV, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC and HREIMS). This is the first report on the isolation of 4 from a natural source, whereas 1 and 3 have already been isolated from the families Hamamelidaceae and Compositae (Asteraceae), respectively. However this is the first study reporting the presence of 1 and 3 in the Euphorbiaceae family. The isolated tritepenes 1-5 were tested against the three human tumour cell lines as stated above. Only compounds 1 and 5 exhibited cytotoxic activity, 5 being most potent with IC₅₀ values ranging 7.5–13.4 µg/mL (17.1–30.5 µM).

Key words: Phyllanthus pulcher, triterpenoids, cytotoxic activity, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina platensis in rats administered mercuric chloride

Bashandy S. A.^1,3*, Alhazza I. M.¹, El-Desoky G. E.² and Al-Othman Z. A.²

¹Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

²Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

³Pharmacology Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

Accepted 15 February, 2018

Abstract

In the present study Spirulina platensis has been investigated as a possible modifier of mercury induced hepatic damages and alteration of lipid profile in albino rats. The results revealed that the rats treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) showed a significant increase in levels of blood hydroperoxide, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Moreover, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of HgCl₂ group elevated significantly. On the other hand, plasma protein, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and hepatic glutathione (GSH) of HgCl₂ treated group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Mercury intoxication induces some pathological alterations in the liver as necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The rise in plasma hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, hydroperoxide, and histopathological changes were significantly attenuated by Spirulina. Moreover, the levels of plasma HDL-C and protein and hepatic glutathione in Spirulina+HgCl₂ group showed a significant increase as compared with HgCl₂ group. Spirulina significantly alleviated the hepatotoxicity induced by HgCl₂ and modified the lipid profile through its antioxidant properties.

Key words: Spirulina platensis, mercuric chloride, hydroperoxide, liver enzymes, glutathione, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL.