International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against microbes of environmental, clinical and food origin

Bhoj Raj Singh^1*, Vidya Singh², Raj Karan Singh² and N. Ebibeni¹

¹ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India

²NRC on Mithun, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India

Accepted 30 November, 2019

Abstract

Out of the 1114 strains belonging to 29 genera and 105 species of microbes (molds, yeasts and bacteria) isolated from different sources [clinical cases, environment (water, air, soil, droppings of lizards and birds), food and healthy animals], 38.2% were sensitive to lemongrass oil discs containing 50 µg oil/disc. All molds, yeasts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Morganella morganii, most of the Bacillus spp. strains (84.3%), aeromonads (78%), Edwardsiella spp. (73.9%), 53.6% pseudomonads, 53.1% streptococci and 50% of Budvicia aquatica and Leminorella ghirmontii strains were sensitive to lemongrass oil (LGO). On the other hand, all Hafnea alvei, Laclercia adecarboxylata, Xenorhabdus luminescens and majority of Salmonella enterica (98.3%), Citrobacter spp. (93.7%), Providencia spp. and Kluyvera cryocrescens (83.3%), Enterobacter spp. (78.2%), Proteus spp. (78%), Escherichia spp. (77.7%), enterococci (73.7%), Serratia spp. (75%) and Erwinia ananas (75%), Pragia fontium (70.6%), staphylococci (69.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (62.7%) strains were resistant to LGO. MIC of LGO for sensitive strains (tested against discs containing 50 µg LGO) varied from 1 µg to 32 µg /ml while none of the resistant strains had MIC <64 µg LGO/ ml. MIC for yeast strains was the least i.e., 1 µg LGO/ ml. LGO had microbicidal activity on E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. LGO instantly killed C. albicans and E. coli, and S. aureus in 10 min at 1 mg/ ml concentration, indicating of its wide spectrum antimicrobial activity at easily achievable concentrations. Study also indicated that LGO is more effective on enterococci in aerobic instead of microaerophilic growth conditions, it is indicative that in-vivo sensitivity results may differ from in-vitro tests.

Keywords: Lemongrass oil, Antimicrobial activity, Microbes

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Testicular toxicity of B-success herbal supplement in male albino rats

Ejeatuluchukwu Obi, Afonne Onyenmechi Johnson, Orish .E. Orisakwe*

Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.

*Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Accepted 01 November, 2019

Abstract

The effects of B success, a herbal supplement on the reproductive organs of male albino rats were investigated. The herbal product was given orally to three dose groups of five male rats each, namely 315, 630, 945mg/kg/body weight (b.w) for 90 days and were fed AD LIBITUM with rat chow, the control group received only deionised water. Afterwards, the rats were bled-sacrificed. The testes were excised and weighed, and their protein and DNA determined. Also epididymal sperm count (ESC), testosterone and lead in blood were determined. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative weights, DNA and protein levels of the testes, and in ESC and testosterone in all the treated animals when compared with the control. Testicular tissues of all the treated animals showed dose dependent spermatocytic arrest. The present work suggests that the high lead content of B Success herbal supplement may be responsible for the testicular toxicity of this herbal supplement.

Key words:  Testis, lead, B Success, herbal supplement, spermatocyte, testicular toxicity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Screening of Annona squamosa extracts for antibacterial activity against some respiratory tract isolates

*M. Yusha’u, D. W. Taura, B. Bello, N. Abdullahi

Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, P. M. B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.

Accepted 30 November, 2019

Abstract

Annona squamosa (L.) leaves were extracted with ethanol using percolation method and the extract obtained was partitioned in chloroform and distilled water at a ratio of 1:1 using 30ml volume. The extract and fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against clinical respiratory tract isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and α-haemolytic Streptococci using disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution techniques. The extract and fractions were also screened for the presence of plant secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Sensitivity test results showed that water fraction of the plant was active on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 mm) at 50µg/disc concentration while ethanolic extract of the plant was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Proteus species at 200µg/disc concentration with zone diameter formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 mm) being wider than that formed in response to standard Augmentin disc (06 mm). The results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids and tannins in either the ethanolic extract, fraction(s) or both.

Keywords: Screening, Annona squamosa, Extracts, Biological activity, Disc diffusion, Broth dilution, Bacteria, Clinical isolates, Secondary metabolites.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of ethanolic extract of ANACARDIUM  OCCIDENTALE leaves on haematological and biochemical parameters of albino rats

¹Saidu A.N, ¹Akanya H.O, ²Dauda B.E.N, ¹Ogbadoyi E.O.

¹Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

²Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Accepted 11 April, 2020

Abstract

Medicinal plants are used in the treatment and management of most diseases worldwide. One of such diseases is diabetes. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by lack of insulin or inadequate supply of insulin. It affects one quarter of the world’s population as reported by World Health Organization. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE parts are used in the management of diabetes hence the need to study its effect on the biochemical and haematological parameters. The ethanolic extract of A. OCCIDENTALE leaves at 2000, 4000 and 6000mg/kg B.W were administered on albino rats for a period of 42 days (i.e. 6 weeks) and haematological and biochemical parameters investigated. The packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell values fluctuated during the study period. However, there was no significant difference compared to the control. There was initial increase in white blood cell values for all the groups but fluctuated for the remaining period of study. The liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and protein levels significantly decreased. However, the creatinine and urea levels increased during the study period. The results indicate that A. OCCIDENTALE leaves at doses examined had significant (P<0.05) effect on the parameters investigated hence further investigation on its use as a medicinal plant may be necessary.

Keywords: Haematological, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Evaluation of response to loading doses of clopidogrel therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

¹Kheria  Saade, ^2*Manal El-Hamamsy, ³Mona  Hamdy, ⁴Ahmed Magdy Mohamed

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain shams University Cairo, Egypt.

²Clinical pharmacy Faculty of pharmacy Ain Shams Universit , Cairo, Egypt.

³Faculty of Medicine, Professor of clinical and chemical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

⁴National Heart Institute, Cairo, Egypt.

Accepted 11 January, 2020

Abstract

Clopidogrel resistance plays a key role in ischemic recurrence after Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The cytochrome P450 (CYP)–dependent conversion of Clopidogrel to its active metabolite may contribute to the variability in antiplatelet effect of Clopidogrel. To evaluate the response to 600 mg Clopidogrel loading dose versus 300 mg loading dose in patients undergo PCI. A total of 51 patients categorized to two groups: Group I consisted of 11 males (64.7%) and 6 females (35.3%) received 300 mg loading does, while Group II consisted of 28 males (82.4%) and 6 females (17.6%) received 600 mg Clopidogrel loading does. Detection of Clopidogrel response was assessed by measuring of the platelet aggregation percentage and CYP2C19 *2 assay in both groups. Clopidogrel resistance was defined by an arbitrary cut off value of ˂10% with respect definition as compared to control value. The percentage of Clopidogrel response among the studied patients was 29.2% for 300 mg Clopidogrel and 70.8% for 6oo mg Clopidogrel loading dose. In non or poor response to Clopidogrel group 10 patients (37%), were resistance to 300mg dose and 17 patients (63%) were resistance to 600mg Clopidogrel dose. Clopidogrel resistance groups were more likely have CYP2C19 genotype (CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*2) (GA). There were highly significant association between good response group, non and poor response groups as regarding to genotype CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 (GA) carriers. Platelet aggregation after 600mg Clopidogrel in both CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2(GA) carriers is statistically non significant with basal aggregation, before PCI and after PCI, while significant with day after PCI and highly significant with inhibition percentage before PCI. Platelet aggregation after 300mg Clopidogrel in both CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2(GA) carries is a statistically non significant with basal aggregation, before PCI, day after PCI, and after PCI, while significant with inhibition percentage before PCI. There was no variable individual response to the anti platelet effect of the standard dose (300mg) and higher loading dose (600mg) Clopidogrel therapy, but a variable individual response to Clopidogrel between patients carries CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*2 (GA) genotype and carries CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*1 (GG) genotype.

Keywords: Clopidogrel, loading dose, cardiology, clinical pharmacy