International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Proniosome based drug delivery system of piroxicam

A. Chandra* and P. K. Sharma

Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi (U.P.) – 284128, India.

Accepted 21 March, 2011

Abstract

Piroxicam is a widely used potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with due potential for dermal delivery. Permeation of piroxicam from proniosome based reservoir type transdermal gel formulation across excised rat abdominal skin was investigated using Keshery Chein diffusion cell. There was considerable improvement in flux over the control gel formulation. The lipid vesicles were evaluated for entrapment efficiency and vesicle size of niosomes formed. It was observed that Span 60 based formulations produced vesicles of smallest size and higher entrapment efficiency while those of Span 80 produced vesicles of least entrapment efficiency. Incorporation of lecithin further enhanced entrapment efficiency. Proniosomes were prepared by conventional technique and employing maltodextrin and sorbitol as base. The morphology of the proniosomes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Maximum flux achieved was 35.61 g/cm²/h, an enhancement of 7.39 times was achieved for transdermal system based on proniosomal gel as compared to control gel. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed that proniosome based transdermal drug delivery system of piroxicam were promising carriers for delivery of piroxicam. There was significant reduction in carrageenan induced rat paw inflammation compared to control.

Key words: Piroxicam, niosomes, permeation enhancement, dermal delivery.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Accelerated stability testing of celecoxib nanoemulsion containing Cremophor-EL

Faiyaz Shakeel¹*, Sanjula Baboota², Alka Ahuja², Javed Ali² and Sheikh Shafiq³

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arab Medical University, Benghazi, Libya.

²Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India.

³New Drug Delivery System (NDDS), Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Ahemdabad, India.

Accepted 21 March, 2011

Abstract

Celecoxib (CXB), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor has been recommended for the treatment of arthritis and osteoarthritis upon oral administration. However, long term oral administration of celecoxib cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore the aim of the present study was to enhance CXB’s physical and chemical stability using nanoemulsion formulation in order to eliminate gastrointestinal adverse effects of its oral administration. Optimized nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method. Nanoemulsion was characterized by droplet size, viscosity and refractive index. Stability studies were performed for the period of 3 months. Droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were determined every month. Shelf- life of nanoemulsion formulation was also determined by accelerated stability testing. It was found that droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were slightly increased at refrigerator and room temperature in 3 months period. However, the changes in these parameters were not statistically significant (p 0.05). The shelf-life of optimized nanoemulsion formulation was found to be 2.38 years at room temperature. These results indicated that both physical as well as chemical stability of celecoxib can be enhanced in nanoemulsion formulation using Cremophor-EL as surfactant.

Key words: Nanoemulsion, celecoxib, shelf life, cremophor-EL.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extracts of Nymphaea Stellata flowers in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats

K. Rajagopal¹ and K. Sasikala²

¹Aizant Drug Research Solutions Pvt Ltd, RR District, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh, 500014, India.

²Institute of Rehabilitation Medicines and Allied Sciences (IRMAS), New Delhi-110017, India.

Accepted 21 March, 2011

Abstract

The antidiabetic effect of hydro-ethanolic extract (HEE) of Nymphaea stellata Willd flower was investigated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, the animals were divided in to normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated and control treated group (n = 6). Effect of oral administration of HEE (300 mg/kg) for 30 days on the level of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Glucose-6-phosphatase in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. When comparing the values of the HEE treated group with those of the control diabetic group, we found that the HEE significantly decreased the elevated blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL, VLDL and it showed a significant increase in liver glycogen, insulin and HDL level. Treatment with HEE in diabetic rats increased the Hexokinase, LDH activity and decreased the glucose 6-phosphatase activity. These results clearly indicated that N. stellata flowers possess promising antidiabetic effect in diabetic rats.

Key words: Antidiabetic, alloxan, blood glucose, Nymphaea stellata.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2011.  © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of stem bark extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni

Doughari, J. H.*, El-Mahmood, A. M. and Phillip, B.

Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 2076 Yola, 640002 Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 February, 2011

Abstract

Antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were investigated using the filter paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence saponins, tannins, glycosides and aikaloid as phytochemicals. Methanol extracts (40 mg/ml) exhibited the highest activity (16 - 30 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC and MBC values 2.5 - 22.5 mg/ml) against the test organisms. Chloroform extracts demonstrated the least activity. The activity of the extracts increased with increase in temperature (4 - 100ºC) and increasing acidity (pH 2.5 - 6), but alkaline pH (pH 10) neither enhanced nor depreciated the activity of the extracts. The plant can be used to source newer antibiotic substances and can be used for the treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, urinary tract and wound infections and mycotic infections.

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, extracts, infections, pathogenic, phytochemicals.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Determination of prednisolone, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples

K. Balaji, G. V. Raghunadha Reddy, T. Madhusudana Reddy and S. Jayarama Reddy*

Electrochemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi-517502, India.

Accepted 16 January, 2011

Abstract

A simple, sensitive and accurate voltammetric studies on prednisolone (PE), dexamethasone (DE) and hydrocortisone (HC) were carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at bare carbon paste electrode (CPE) and -cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode (CDMCPE) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution. PE, DE and HC show marked enhancement of peak currents at CDMCPE when compared to CPE due to the inclusion complex between keto- group from the drug and -cyclodextrin (modifier) . All these compounds exhibit a well-defined single peak in the studied pH range which is attributed to the reduction of keto-group. BR buffer of pH 3.0 was found to be reliable supporting electrolyte for the analytical estimation of these compounds. CV studies indicate that the process was irreversible and adsorption controlled. The reduction peak currents at CDMCPE for PE, DE and HC changes linearly over the concentration range from 5.6 × 10^-7 M to 2 × 10^-5 M (PE), 4.1 × 10^-7 M to 2 × 10^-5 M (DE) and 4.2 × 10^-7 M to 2.5 × 10^-5 M (HC) with a correlation co-efficient of 0.9991, 0.9986 and 0.9995 for the respective compounds. DPV technique is used for the determination of PE, DE and HC in pharmaceuticals and biological fluid samples. For quantification, standard addition method was carried out in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples.

Key words: Prednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, b-cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode, pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples, voltammetric techniques.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of viscosity grades of ethylcellulose on the sustained release properties of indomethacin from its tablets matrix

Amri Ahmed* and Sfar Souad

Laboratory of Galenic Pharmacy. Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia.

Accepted 22 January, 2011

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of ethyl cellulose (EC) with different viscosity grades on in vitro drug release from EC matrix tablets containing Indomethacin. Four viscosity grades of EC (7, 10, 50 and 100 cp) were studied. The 90 - 125/µm particle size fraction was collected by manual dry sieving and the compression force was varied to produce tablets of equal hardness. The drug release from Indomethacin tablets was determined by dissolution testing as described in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). The tablets pore characteristics were studied using helium pycnometry and mercury porosimetry. The release rate constant ranged from 1.25 ± 0.98 for the 7cp viscosity grade tablets to 1.49 ± 1.02 for the 100cp viscosity grade tablets whereas porosity ranged from 5.6% ± 0.3 to 6.8 ± 0.1 when based on gaz pycnometry and from 3.9% ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.2 when based on mercury intrusion. These results indicate that the release rates marginally increased with an increase in viscosity grade. The main explanation for the viscosity grade effect on release rates would be differences in tablet porosity.

Key words: Matrix, ethylcellulose, viscosity grade, indomethacin, dissolution, porosity.