International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (6), pp. 001-006, June, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An investigation into students’ study habit in volumetric analysis in the senior secondary provision: A case study in Ondo State, Nigeria

Orimogunje Tunde¹, Oloruntegbe Kunle Oke² and Gazi Mahabubul Alam³*

¹Science and Technical Education Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.

²Mathematics and Science Education Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

³University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Accepted 14 March, 2015

Abstract

An investigation was carried out on students’ study habit in volumetric analysis at the senior secondary school level in Ondo State. A descriptive research design was adopted in the study. Questionnaire on study habit inventory was adapted and used to collect information from the respondents at various sampled schools. The sample comprised 240 senior secondary II chemistry students drawn from six schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The hypotheses investigated with respect to students’ study habit problems such as home work/ assignment, reading and note-taking, students’ concentration, time allocation, teachers’ consultation as human variables were analyzed using chi-square statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that the main sources of students’ study problems have strong influence on students’ study habit which is causally related to the performance and consequently the efficiency of the students during the practical lesson in volumetric analysis. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that chemistry teachers need proper exposure and orientation to some psychological study problems in order to understand students’ developmental and intellectual progress so as to improved learners’ performances. Hence, there is a need for workshops and seminar for teachers where the importance of effective study habit behavioural pattern would be stressed.

Key words: Volumetric analysis, volumetric titration, study habit, practical activities.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Preparation of new formulations of anti-acne creams and their efficacy

Muhammad Athar Abbasi¹*, Ayesha Kausar ¹, Aziz-ur-Rehman¹, Hina Saleem¹, Sadia Muhammad Jahangir¹, Sabahat Zahra Siddiqui¹ and Viqar Uddin Ahmad²

¹Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Product Drug Development, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan.

²HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.

Accepted 26 January, 2015

Abstract

Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a common skin condition, caused by changes in the pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland via androgen stimulation. In the present study six new anti-acne compositions were made for the treatment of acne and their efficacy was studied on the volunteers of age group of 20 - 28 years via topical applications. Particular emphasis was placed on treating acne conditions without drying and irritating the skin.

Key words: Acne vulgaris, pilosebaceous units, Aloe vera, bismuth subnitrate, stearic acid.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aloe ferox Mill. aqueous extract

M. Mwale¹ and P. J. Masika²*

¹Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.

²Agricultural and Rural Development Research Institute (ARDRI), University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.

Accepted 16 January, 2015

Abstract

Pharmacological activities of leaf gel and pulp of Aloe ferox have been extensively evaluated. However, there is scanty information on the pharmacological activities of the whole leaf of A. ferox. Carrageenan, histamine and formaldehyde- induced rat paw oedema were conducted to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of A. ferox whole leaf aqueous extract. Tail flick, formalin and acetic acid tests were conducted to assess the analgesic activity of the plant. A. ferox exhibited highest anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in the highest dose (400 mg/kg) tested. This dose level exerted highest anti-inflammatory activity; 78.2 and 89.3% for carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced rat paw oedema, respectively. The analgesic activity was 57.1 and 67.3% for the 400 mg/kg dose in phase 1 and 2, respectively of formalin test and 88.2% in acetic acid test. A. ferox reduced inflammation and relieved pain in rats at the highest dose level studied. This supports the extensive use of the plant as an antihelmintic reducing the inflammation and pain that might have been caused by gastro-intestinal parasite infections.

Key words: Leaf extract, pain reduction, oedema inhibition.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (4), pp. 001-002, April, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Hypothesis: A promising effect of 5-HT_1A receptor agonists in alleviating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A. M. Nayebi*

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 13 April, 2014

Abstract

Parkinson©s disease (PD) is a disease caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra, pars compacta. The fact that serotonergic system is also involved in PD has been raised from previous studies. Drugs that have effect on 5-HT_1A receptors of basal ganglia might inhibit and facilitate serotonin and dopamine release, respectively. Augmentation of 5-HT_1A agonists (e.g., buspirone) to anti-parkinsonian and neuroleptic drugs (D2 receptor blockers) may increase efficiency of anti-parkinsonian drugs and may also prevent motor complications induced by neuroleptic drugs.

Key words: 5-HT_1A receptor, motor symptom, Parkinson disease.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

In vitro activity of cranberry extract against etiological agents of urinary tract infections

Mohammad Rahbar¹* and Kambiz Diba²

¹Department of Microbiology, Reference laboratories of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uremia University of Medical sciences, Uremia, Iran.

Accepted 16 September, 2014

Abstract

Cranberries have long been the focus of interest for their beneficial effects in preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objective of this study was to determine in vitro activity of cranberry extract on common etiologic agents of urinary tract infections isolated from patients. Filter sterilized methanol extract of cranberry was prepared and used in the present study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated for active crude extract. The MIC value of methanol extract were 0.391 mg/ml for Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus whereas the MIC of methanol extract of cranberry were 1.2500 and 0.0195 mg/ml for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The lower MIC value of cranberry extract against K. pneumoniae in comparison to other three organisms suggests that K. pneumoniae showed greater sensitivity towards the extracts of the cranberry extract.

Key words: Antibacterial activity, cranberry, urinary tract infections.