International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial activity of terpenoidal fractions from Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against community acquired infections

A. Mann^{1, 2}*, J. O. Amupitan², A. O. Oyewale², J. I. Okogun³ and K. Ibrahim⁴

¹Department of Science Laboratory Technology. The Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P. M. B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

³Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P. M. B. 21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P. M. B. 21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria.

Accepted 11 April, 2011

Abstract

Terpenoidal fractions were isolated from both Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill and Perr (Stem) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill and Perr (Root) and assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The terpenoidal fractions exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the test microorganisms. All test organisms were susceptible to the terpenoidal fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 0.213 and 5.0 µg/ml. The terpenoidal fractions from A. leiocarpus and T. avicennioides could be a potential source of chemotherapeutic agents. The antimicrobial activities of these terpenoidal fractions provide justification for the chemotherapeutic utilization of these plants.

Key words: Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia avicennioides, Terpenoidal fractions, antimicrobial activities.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (6), pp. 001-008, June, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Nitric oxide producing effect of six extracts from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) stem bark

E. O. Iwalewa^1,2*, V. Naidoo³, V. Bagla² and J. N. Eloff²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

²Phytomedicine Programme, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

³Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.

Accepted 12 April, 2011

Abstract

Preliminary pharmacological screening of the aqueous extract from the leaves, stem and root of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) are reported to have effect on some cardiovascular diseases like bleeding, cadiopathy, hematuria, and other complications. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is not known. The effects of six extracts from the stem bark of H. madagascariensis on equine platelets and chicken hepatocyte cells were explored to examine the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in platelet aggregation and cell viability capacity. Extracts exhibited concentration dependent platelet aggregation, and synergistically increased NO synthesis in platelets pre-treated with NO and prostaglandin (PG) inhibitors (L-NAME and ASA). The ED₅₀ values observed in the extracts of H. madagascariensis extracts in this study were potentiated and the graphs were shifted to the left in the presence of both inhibitors. However, a contrary effect was observed in berberine, in which its ED ₅₀ was shifted to the right non-competitively by the inhibitors. These results demonstrate that extracts from the stem of H. madagascariensis stimulates NO release and this may be a mechanism whereby the constituents of the plant elicit its therapeutic effects in herbal medicine. This study may have relevance in hemostasis, thrombosis and cancer chemotherapy.

Key words: Harungana madagascariensis; nitric oxide; equnine platelets, chicken hepatocyte cells, cytotoxicity

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (6), pp. 001-013, June, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Medicinal plants of Aguambu – Bamumbu in the Lebialem highlands, southwest province of Cameroon

Focho, D. A.¹*, Ndam, W. T.¹ and Fonge, B. A.²

¹Department of Plant Biology, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

²Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon.

Accepted 19 March, 2011

Abstract

Ethnobotanical investigations were conducted in Aguambu – Bamumbu Village in Wabane Subdivision (Lebialem Division), Southwest Province of Cameroon to identify the different medicinal plants used in the traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diseases affecting the human body. Ethnobotanical information was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews during field trips. A total of 248 respondents were interviewed and 133 medicinal plants belonging to 59 families identified and documented. Among these plants, 55 were used to treat ailments of the digestive system, 49 for ailments of the urinary - genital system, 25 for ailments of the nervous system, 11 for ailments of the respiratory system and 3 for ailments of the cardiovascular system. The modes of herbal drugs preparation were concoctions, decoctions, macerations and infusions. The most frequently used plant parts were the leaves.

Key words: Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, biodiversity, Lebialem highlands.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparison of the physical and chemical changes of magistral suspension with anesthesin and aethenamine after date of expiration

Rade Injac

Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +386 41 964462. Fax: + 386 1 4258031.

Accepted 13 April, 2011

Abstract

This study reports the differences in physical and chemical stability of suspension with dissolved and non dissolved main active compound. In the first case it is methenamine and the other one is anesthesin. At the same time we analyzed two fresh and two 18-months old formulations of both magistral preparations. Anesthesin suspensions did not show any significant physical or chemical changes in 18 months except changes in appearance. On the other hand suspension with methenamine showed as very unstable system. Methenamine was hydrolyzed in water and ammonia and formaldehyde were determined as degradation products. Level of methenamine in preparations after 18 months was 84.6 ± 1.1%. Also the value of water was slightly decreased in old formulation with methanamine, which indicates a physical unstable system.

Key words: Methenamine, anesthesin, suspensions, magistral preparation stability.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Bachir Raho Ghalem and Benali Mohamed

Biotoxicology laboratory –Biology institute – Science faculty – Djillali Liabès University of Sidi Bel Abbès – Algeria.

Accepted 14 March, 2011

Abstract

The antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves of two Eucalyptus species (globulus and camaldulensis) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+) and Escherichia coli Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibiting activity was evaluated by three methods: aromatogramme, microatmosphere and germs in suspension. Results demonstrated of the leaf essential oils of the two species showed an excellent inhibitory effect on S. aureus than that of E. coli. These data would indicate the potential usefulness of the two Eucalyptus species as a microbiostatic, antiseptic or as disinfectant agent.

Key words: Antibacterial activity, essential oil, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic determination of atorvastatin calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form

Zahid Zaheer^1*, M. N. Farooqui², A. A. Mangle¹ A. G. Nikalje¹

¹Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, P. O. Box No. 33, Rauza Bagh Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

²Dr. Rafiq Zakaria College for Women, Navkhanda, Aurangabad, Maharashtra India.

Accepted 21 March, 2011

Abstract

A simple, selective, precise and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method of analysis of Atorvastatin Calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. The chromatographic conditions comprised of a reversed-phase C₁₈ column (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 µ with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Methanol: Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer solution in the ratio (45:45:10). Flow rate was 1 mL / min. Detection was carried out at 246 nm. The retention time of Atorvastatin was 6.98 min. Atorvastatin Calcium was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, photochemical degradation and thermal degradation. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship in the concentration range 52.20 to 156.60 µg/mL. The value of correlation coefficient, slope and intercept were, 0.9999, 36.02 and 26.45, respectively. The method was validated for precision, recovery, ruggedness and robustness. The drug undergoes degradation under acidic, basic, photochemical and thermal degradation conditions. All the peaks of degraded product were resolved from the active pharmaceutical ingredient with significantly different retention time. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation product, it can be employed as a stability-indicating one.

Key words: Atorvastatin, chromatography, stability indicating, degradation.