International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Plasmid DNA analysis and conjugative study of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi and paratyphi to ten selected antibiotics in Zaria, Nigeria

Adeshina Gbonjubola Olusesan*, Osuagwu Nonyelum, Okeke Claire-Lorentz Ebere and Ehinmidu Joseph Olorunmola

Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 July, 2019

Abstract

The antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolates to ten selected antibiotics, plasmid DNA profiles and conjugative ability in Zaria, Nigeria were investigated. Blood samples collected from presumptive typhoid fever patients in the different locations were cultured for Salmonella species and identified by standard procedures. Susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were performed using appropriate microbiological methods. Conjugative experiment was carried out with multiple antibiotics resistant isolates of Salmonella species. The resistant test bacteria strains were subjected to DNA isolation and characterization. Susceptibility study of test bacteria to ten selected antibiotics showed high percentage resistance to nine antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Augumentin, Chloramphenicol, Co -trimoxazole, gentamicin, Nitrofurantoin and Tetracycline (40 - 100%). Antibiotics resistance profile of S. paratyphi isolates were observed to be considerably higher than S. typhi isolates. The result of conjugation studies of multiple antibiotics resistant Salmonella species with Ofloxacin sensitive Escherichia coli ATCC 25722 showed that eight of the 18 Ofloxacin resistant Salmonella species isolates possess transferable resistant trait. The multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) of test bacteria showed transferable plasmid sizes of 23.13 and 0.145 kb conferring resistance to the ten selected antibiotics. The findings from the plasmid analysis showed that the antibiotic sensitive S. typhi strains could acquire the R-plasmid from any resistant enteric bacteria such as E. coli, to undergo a suitable adaptation for survival in the changing antibiotic environment.

Key words: Plasmid, antibiotics, resistance, Salmonella species.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of light irradiation on the antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (lam) methanolic extract

Olayemi Modupe Adegbolagun* and Oluwasola Omotayo Olukemi

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 October, 2019

Abstract

The effect of light irradiation on the antibacterial potentials of methanol root extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Linn) was evaluated against some clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram -negative microorganisms using the agar diffusion methossd. The methanol extracts were exposed to three different sources of radiations: sunlight (28 days), tungsten lamp (72 h) and photoreactor (1 h, 365 nm) after which their antibacterial activity was determined. The colour of the extract monitored by colour visualization and TLC revealed significant colour changes for each treatment; yellow to very light yellow (sunlight and tungsten) while the photoreactor irradiated sample did not show appreciable colour change. The antibacterial activity of the extracts generally reduces significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to the varied radiations. The results in this study indicate a possible compromise of the antimicrobial quality of herbal preparations containing Z. zanthoxyloides; this highlights the need for appropriate storage of such herbal products.

Key words: Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, radiation, antimicrobial activity, herbal products.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory effects of the methanol seed extract of Carica papaya in mice and rats

A. O. Anaga* and E. V. Onehi

Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Accepted 11 September, 2019

Abstract

The methanol seed extract of Carica papaya (CPE) was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats. The brine shrimp lethality test of the extract showed LC₅₀ of 106.94 ppm at 95% confidence interval. The extract (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) increased pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time by more than 280% compared with the control. Like pethidine (9.1 mg/kg, i.p.), CPE (10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the paw licking time in early (0 - 5 min) and late (25 - 30 min) phases of formalin-induced nociception. This antinociceptive effect was more in the late phase than early phase. Also, CP (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the number of acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions by 25, 60, and 64%, respectively. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), CPE (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) showed a typical biphasic anti- inflammatory effect in carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect though moderate, was dose-dependent and higher in 2 h than 4 h after administration of the phlogistic agent. In conclusion, CPE contains potent bioactive compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols) which showed antinociceptive effect probably mediated centrally and peripherally; and also involving mild anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Key words: Carica papaya, brine shrimps, antinociception, anti-inflammatory.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparing different sedation medications using generalized estimating equations approach

M. A. Cengiz¹*, T.    enel¹, Y. Terzi¹, N. Murat¹ and N. Sava ²

¹Department of Statistics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.

²Department of Mathematics, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.

Accepted 08 November, 2019

Abstract

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) provide an applicable approach to modelling repeated and clustered data that are often encountered in medical application. This approach is very useful especially when response variables are correlated and categorical, covariates are time-depended, there are a large number explanatory variables and missing data. In this study, using this approach we focus on modelling repeated sedation measurements obtained during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) for children.

Key words: Sedation, midazolam, generalized linear models.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-003, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals 

Review

Cosmeceuticals: A review

Bello Shaibu Oricha

Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +2348066024503.

Accepted 18 May, 2019

Abstract

Cosmeceuticals are the latest addition to the health industry and are described as cosmetic products with drug-like activities. The term cosmeceutical was coined by Kilgman but these lines of product became popular in 1996 and have an expanding market that has rapidly reached Africa. Many scientists and health consumers in Africa may not be conversant with this line of products. They may therefore, be under-researched or over-utilized. This paper is to briefly, expand the recent knowledge about cosmeceuticals.

Key words: Kilgman, cosmeceuticals, health industry.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens Linn.

J. D. Habila¹*, I. A. Bello¹, A. A. Dzikwi³, H. Musa² and N. Abubakar²

¹Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

³Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Accepted 11 July, 2019

Abstract

Traditional medicinal plant, Tridax procumbens was analyzed for reducing power ability as an antioxidant using the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and for total phenolics using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results of the analysis show that T. procumbens has a percentage antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was observed to be higher than those of gallic (92.92%) and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as standards. The reductive potential determination shows that T. procumbens has a very significant reductive potential of 0.89 nm at the same concentration with gallic acid whose reductive potential was 0.99 nm. The total phenolic determination shows that T. procumbens has a phenolic content of 12 mg/g GAE. The results of this analysis revealed the fact that plants are rich sources of natural antioxidant.

Key words: Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu, medicinal plants, Tridax procumbens.