International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-010, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication in adult patients in the psychiatric department of Durango General Hospital

Edgar Cano-Torres^{1, 3 *}, Ismael Lares- Asseff ¹, Martha Sosa- Macías¹, Carlos Salas Hernández², Alberto Allegre-Alonso³, Carlos Galaviz-Hernández^1, Alexis Lares López⁴, Verónica Loera Castañeda¹

¹Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Durango, México.

²Departamento de psiquiatría y salud mental, Hospital General de Durango, México.

³H Hospital San José y Escuela de Medicina del Instituto Tecnológico y de estudios superiores de Monterrey

⁴Universidad TecMilenio, Durango, México.

Accepted 03 May, 2020

Abstract

Psychiatric diseases have become a public health problem owing to their increased prevalence. An option for their treatment is psychoactive medications, which are associated with multiple adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication and the prevalence of psychiatric disease in adult patients seen at the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital. Clinical histories of the patients were reviewed for patients over 18 years of age that were seen at the outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital that were diagnosed at this hospital with psychiatric conditions requiring psychoactive medication for their treatment. The study was conducted between January 2009 and February 2010. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were the neurotic disorders, stress related disorders, and somatization disorders (42.9%), with the most common sub-classification being major depression with anxiety (26.3%). Seventy six percent of patients received more than one medication for their treatment. The most commonly prescribed medications were the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, with fluoxetine being the most prescribed medication (42.2%). Anxiolytics were the second most prescribed group, with clonazepam being the most prescribed medication within this group (67.8% of patients). Contrasting with the clinical practice guidelines, in which single drug therapy is recommended for most of the psychiatric diseases, only 23.24% of the patients received single drug therapy. The age group with most prescriptions was between 30 and 59 years of age.

Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA  (Rutaceae) (Christm.) Swingle, on the arterial blood pressure of mammal

^1,2A. Souza*, ²M. Lamidi, ¹B. Ibrahim, ²R. R. R. Aworet Samseny, M. ²Boukandou Mounanga, ¹B. M’Batchi.

¹Unité de Recherche d’Agrobiologie, Université de Sciences et Techniques de Masuku. BP. 913 Franceville Gabon. Tel/Fax : 631334

²Institut de Pharmacopée et de Médecine Traditionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique. BP: 1156 Libreville Gabon.

Accepted 07 September, 2020

Abstract

CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA is used in African folk medicine for the management of hypertension. In order to provide a scientific basis for this use, we studied the effects of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Ecita) on arterial blood pressure and on isolated heart and aorta activities. Rabbits were used for the study on the arterial blood pressure using a Ludwig manometer. Albino Wistar rats were used for the studies regarding the isolated heart and aorta activities using isolated organ bath systems. Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) produced a dose-dependent and significant decrease in rabbit blood pressure (p<0.05). This hypotension was not prevented by atropine (2 mg/kg b.w, p>0.05). Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) dose-dependently reduced hypertension evoked by adrenalin (30 µg/kg b.w.). Ecita (10^-8mg/ml-10^-2mg/ml) induced both negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart contractile activity. The plant extract (10^-8mg/ml-10^-2mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent relaxation of contractions produced by adrenalin (3.10^-3mM) or by KCl (80mM). Ecita-evoked vasorelaxant effects were totally abolished by removal of the endothelium layer or by a pre-treatment with L-NAME (mg/ml). It was concluded that the extract possesses an antihypertensive activity which could be related to both cardiodepression and the vasorelaxation. Endothelium-dependent mechanisms might be involved.

Key words: Citrus aurantifolia, blood pressure, heart, aorta, hypertension.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of three Bangladeshi Bridelia species

Adeeba Anjum¹, Mohammad R. Haque¹, Mohammad S. Rahman¹, Choudhury M. Hasan¹, Md. Ekramul Haque² and Mohammad A. Rashid^1,*

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

²Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Accepted 20 September, 2020

Abstract

The organic soluble extractives of three Bridelia species, B. verrucosa, B. stipularis and B. tomentosa growing in Bangladesh were subjected to screening for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. All extractives showed moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against 13 Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and three fungi where the stem bark of B. tomentosa demonstrated highest inhibition of growth with zone of inhibition of 23.2 mm against Bacillus cereus and 17.5 mm against Candida albicans. The crude extractives of all three plants of Bridelia species exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii having significant LC₅₀ and LC_90.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, bridelia, brine shrimp nauplii.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Modulatory effect of sweet almond extract on serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

¹Etim O.E, ²Bassey E.I*, ³Ita, S.O,⁴ Udonkang, I.C,⁵  Etim, I. E and ⁶Jackson, I.L

¹Department of Biochemistry, ²Department of Anatomy, ³Department of Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo.

⁴Department of Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, ⁵Department of Pharmaceutical and medicinal Chemistry,⁶Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo.

Accepted 08 August, 2020

Abstract

The modulatory effects of sweet almond extract on lipid peroxidation, serum lipids, and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats was studied. Serum lipids and lipid peroxidation levels were determined using appropriate chemical techniques. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) activities significantly increased in the diabetic groups of animals treated with 300mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract in a dose dependent fashion while high density lipoprotein (HDL) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease. Triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (V L D L) and lipid peroxidation (LP) decreased significantly. Modulatory activity of sweet almond on the histology of the pancreas of diabetic wistar rats treated with 300 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract was significant and pronounced compared to the untreated diabetic group of animals. There was a corresponding regeneration of acinar cells and the islet cells of Langerhans with prominent nuclei, an indication of restored function. The anti-lipid peroxidation and serum lipid modulatory activities of sweet almond extract shows ability to protect, reduce pancreatic damage and risk of diabetic complication.

Key words: Sweet almond, lipid peroxidation, serum lipids, histology and diabetes.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Peptide nucleic acid: Current perspectives and application for future therapeutics

Manoj G Tyagi

Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding author email: [email protected] Tell: 0416-228-4237

Accepted 15 July, 2020

Abstract

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mimic based on a polyamide backbone first synthesized and reported by Peter Nielsen in 1991. PNA shows remarkable hybridization properties and has many exciting applications. It is chemically and biologicaly stable and can readily conjugate with peptides and other useful molecules. The search for new chemical modification of the PNA is a very active field of research and new structures are continuosly proposed. Conjugation of an oligonucleotide to some peptides that can move through the cell membrane would facilitate the passage of this conjugate across for delivery into the cell’s cytosol. Oligonucleotides can also be conjugated to lipids to yield derivatives with lipophilic properties that are capable to pass across the cell membrane. Thus, PNA can have multiple roles to perform in molecular biology, antigene therapy, molecular diagnostics and nano-biotechnology.

Key words: Peptide nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, electroporation, ribonucleic acid, polyamide

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-011, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Computational simulations integrating inhibition kinetics of tyrosinase by oxalic acid

Li Yan¹, Shang-Jun Yin², Daeui Park³, Yue-Xiu Si², Zhi-Jiang Wang², Hae Young Chung³, Jun-Mo Yang⁴, *Guo-Ying Qian², *Yong-Doo Park^1,2

¹Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, P. R. China.

²College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.

³Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.

⁴Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Korea.

Accepted 19 April, 2020

Abstract

Tyrosinase inhibition studies are important for agricultural and medicinal applications. Computational predictions and enzymatic assays via kinetics may be used to detect effective inhibitors of tyrosinase. We predicted the 3D structure of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus, used a docking algorithm to simulate binding between tyrosinase and oxalic acid (OA), and studied the reversible inhibition of tyrosinase by OA. Simulations were successful (binding energies for Dock6.3 = -18.76 and AutoDock4.2 = -2.47 kcal/mol), suggesting that OA interacts with the LYS224 residue that is predicted by both programs. OA inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed-type manner with a K_i = 3.16 ± 1.8 mM and IC₅₀ = 8.0 ± 0.5 mM. Measurements of intrinsic and ANS-binding fluorescences showed that OA induced changes in the active site structure. Our results suggest that the strategy of predicting tyrosinase inhibition based on carboxyl groups and orientation may prove useful for the screening of potential tyrosinase inhibitors.

Key Words: Tyrosinase, oxalic acid, docking simulation, inhibition kinetics, mixed-type, carboxyl group