International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Resistin as a new molecule

Iclal GEYIKLI^1,3* and Muslum AKAN^2,3

¹Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.

²Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Science, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.

³Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, ahinbey – Gaziantep – Turkey.

Accepted 10 October, 2020

Abstract

Adipose tissue, in addition to storing energy, secretes numerous factors implicated in modulating insulin, sensitivity and energy balance, such as leptin, adiponectin, TNF- and resistin. Resistin, is a hormone that is produced by fatty cells, a recently described adipokine belonging to the cysteine-rich secretory protein family, was originally described as an adipocyte-derived polypeptide that links obesity and insulin resistance in mice. However, in humans, resistin is expressed at very low concentrations in adipose cells, but at high levels in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen cells and bone marrow cells. In recent years, several studies have showed that resistin may play a role in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and also inflammation and process of inflammation – related diseases. This review will summarize the results of studies related with resistin.

Key words: Adipose tissue, resistin, disease.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus Fallax Fisch. Mey

Ismihan Goze^1*, Ahmet Alim², Senay Akkus Cetinus³, Nedim Durmus⁴, Nilufer Vural⁵ and Hamdi Murat Goze⁶

¹Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University,TR-58140,Sivas, Turkey.

²Public Health Laboratory, Sivas Health Directorate, TR-58060, Sivas, Turkey.

³Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140,Sivas, Turkey.

⁴Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University,TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey.

⁵Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, TR-06600, Ankara, Turkey.

⁶Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, TR-34755, Istanbul, Turkey.

Accepted 24 February, 2020

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antiospasmodic activities in vitro and the composition of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. (labiatte) essential oil. The oil of T. fallax was analyzed by the GS-MS method. The sample was subjected to screening for possible antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and -carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined on 9 micro-organisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. In rat ileum, direct effect of T. fallax essential oil was investigated on spontaneous contractions. GS/MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 18 compounds, representing 92.41% of the oil; carvacrol (46.15%) was the main component. The essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity. It has antimicrobial activity on 8 of 9 microorganisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. T. fallax oil exhibited spontaneous contractions in rat ileum at 100% level at 0.1 mg/mL level. The essential oil of T. fallax has a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antispazmodic activities as studied in our laboratory settings. T. fallax may therefore be regarded as a resourceful plant that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Key words: Thymus fallax, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-spazmodic activity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-003, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis

M. R. Brahmbhatt¹*, J. M. Patel ¹, V. B. Patel¹ and A. K. Saluja²

¹K.J college of Pharmacy, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, At and Po., Vadasma, Dist., Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

²A.R.College of Pharmacy, Vallabh Vidyanagar.

Accepted 10 September, 2020

Abstract

The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis obtained by soxhlet extraction method was evaluated for analgesic action by Radiant Heat Tail Flick method and was tested for anti-inflammatory action by carrageenan induced paw edema. The ethanolic extract in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of Body weight showed 64.83 and 100% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of three hours compared to that of standard Ibuprofen (87.04%). In the Radiant Heat Tail Flick model, the ethanolic extract at high dose 400 mg/kg of Body weight increased the pain threshold significantly after 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 h of administration. The ethanolic extract showed dose-dependent action in all the experimental models. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnel’s test. A P value < 0.05 is considered significant.

Key words: Carrageenan induced paw edema, ethanolic extract Rivea hypocrateriformis, Tail flick method.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hypotensive effects of 3, 4- dihydroxybenzyaldehyde isolated from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides

B.A. Ayinde¹*, E.K.I. Omogbai² and D.N. Onwukaeme¹

¹Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

Accepted 12 November, 2020

Abstract

Previous works on the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Moraceae) reported the hypotensive effects of aqueous extract at 10 - 40 mg/kg. This present work was carried out to examine the hypotensive effects of 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde isolated from the stem bark. Using pentobabitone sodium anaesthetized normotensive rabbits; the effects of the compound on blood pressure were tested at doses of 2.5 - 10 mg/kg. Also, the probable mechanism of action of the compound was examined using atropine, promethazine and the direct effect of the compound on isolated heart. At 2.5 mg/kg, the compound lowered the arterial blood pressure by 12.61 ± 2.45 mmHg. The blood pressure was further lowered by 17.88 ± 0.73 mmHg at 10 mg/kg. The hypotensive effect of the compound was observed to be unaffected by prior administration of either atropine (0.5 mg/kg) or promethazine (0.25 mg/kg). Similar to the mechanism of action of the crude aqueous extract, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart as it dose-dependently reduced the force and rate of contractions of the heart from 0.5 - 2 mg/ml. The reductions observed at 1 mg/ml were effectively reversed by 10 g/ml adrenaline. However, the effects of 2 mg/ml were not reversed by administration of the adrenaline. The compound seems to be one of the constituents responsible for the hypotensive effect of the aqueous extract of M. cecropioides stem bark earlier reported.

Key words: Hypotensive effects, Musanga cecropioides, stem bark, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Pharmacognostic study of male leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. with special emphasis on microscopic technique

Saurabh Singh¹, Lalit Machawal²* and M. G. Chauhan³

¹Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Ayurveda Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely School of Applied Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, India.

²Amity Institute of Seabuckthorn Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

³Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurveda University Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Accepted 08 June, 2020

Abstract

Today sophisticated modern research tools for evaluation of the plant drugs are available but microscopic method is one of the simplest and cheapest methods to start with for establishing the correct identity of the source materials. Pharmacognostic investigation of the fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. was carried out to determine its macro-and microscopical characters and also some of its physical constants. Externally, the leaves possess a cordate base, a sinuate and dentate margin, acute to acuminate apex and both surfaces are very rough with rigid hairs surface. Internally, its shows the presences of an anomocytic stomata, unicellular, both glandular and simple covering trichomes are scattered as such throughout or attached with the cells of the epidermis. Majority of the glandular trichomes are with 4 to 5 celled uniseriate stalk and unicellular head very few are short and with uni- to bi-cellular stalk and uni- to multi-cellular head especially from that of petiole region. Simple covering multicellular uniseriate thick walled trichomes are of various sizes and usually of the cells of both simple and glandular trichomes are often embedded with cystolith. Phytochemical studies of the powdered leaves revealed the presences of alkaloids, resins, glycosides, flavonides and some carbohydrates. The pharmacognostic profile of the leaves will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Key words: Trichosanthes dioica, pharmacognostic standardization, male leaf morphology.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-009, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals