International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparing the efficacy of alcohol isopropyl and ethanol on the reduction of contamination of medical check-up devices in children ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

Jokar A* and Mohebbi Z.

¹MSc. in Midwifery, Dept. of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,

²MSc. in Nursing, Dept. of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Accepted 15 May, 2020

Abstract

Using alcohols have been recommended for disinfecting and prevention of infections. The present study has been carried out with the aim to determine and compare the efficacy of alcohol Isopropyl and Ethanol (alcohol Ethylic) in reducing contamination of medical check-up instruments. This semi-experimental study has been carried out to compare the influence of two types of alcohols on the medical check-up instruments of NICU and children ward. Before using instruments, their culture samples were prepared and then were disinfected by alcohol Isopropyl 70.0% and again their culture samples were taken. Thereafter, the same procedure was carried out for Ethanol 70.0% with the interval of 4 weeks. Finally, the culture results were surveyed and compared in each stage. The results of cultures before disinfecting the instruments showed the existence of micro-organisms like Staphylococcus, Escherichia-Coli (E-Coli), Pseudomonas and Interobacterococci. Also, the results of cultures of instruments which were disinfected by Ethanol showed the existence of two types of positive micro-organisms (Staphylococcus and E-Coli) while these results were negative after using alcohol Isopropyl. Using some of antiseptics at intensive and other wards of hospitals can be considered from the view points of economic, rapid efficacy, non-requirement of long time or requiring specific conditions so as to be successful in controlling the nosocomial infections.

Key words: Comparison, Efficacy, alcohol Isopropyl, Ethanol, contamination, check-up instruments.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-005, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effectiveness of phytogenic fly repellant product against dipteran flies

B.  W. Naraladker¹, B.S. Khillare¹, S.T. Kalwaghe², GM. Chghure², K, Ravikanth³ and S. Maini^4*

¹Associate Professor, Dept of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

²Assistant Professor, Dept of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

^3,4Senior Scientist, Research and Development Division, Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, (H.P.), India

Accepted 12 April, 2020

Abstract

A study was conducted in the livestock dairy farm reported with the history of culicoides fly menace during summer season,the farm was treated with the herbal fly repellant product (AV/FRC/18) (supplied by M/S Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, H.P., India) recommended as 1 part with 20 parts of water for application on animal body and 1 part with 40 parts of water for application on drainage channels and animal premises ion the shed. The herbal fly repellant product was assessed for oviposition deterrent activity, ovicidal and larvicidal effect and for its efficacy to minimize the count of larval and adult culicoides in the drainage channel around cattle shed after application of AV/FRC/18. The product was found to be quite efficacious as a fly repellant for livestock dwellings, has a good larvicide potential in addition to ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activity. It has not been found to cause deleterious or adverse effects such as irritation, loss of production, mortality etc. on the experimental animals, rather it is safe for animal usage and for application in animal premises. The product is not having any residual effect, hence it is declared safe for usage.

Keyword: Fly, larvicidal, deterrent, dipteran, repellant, herbal, ectoparasitic.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of dried root ethanolic extract of Strophanthus sarmentosus p. Dc (apocynaceae)

Esther O. Agbaje and Oluwole A. Ajidahun

Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos-Nigeria.

Accepted 12 April, 2020

Abstract

Despite the progress made in medical research in the past decades, the treatment of many diseases including inflammatory diseases is still problematic. Conventional drugs used to ameliorate these conditions are either too expensive or toxic, there is therefore an urgent need to search for newer, cheaper and safer medications. Strophanthus sarmentosus (SMS) is an indigenous plant used in traditional medicine in West Africa for the treatment of inflammatory diseases among other uses. The present study was designed to explore its therapeutic benefits in inflammation, nociception and pyrexia. Analgesic effect of the ethanolic extract of dried SMS root (50, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1) was evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models, while the efficacy of the herbal drug was compared with 150 mg kg^-1 acetylsalicylic acid, 0.5 mg kg^-1 piroxicam and 5 mg kg^-1 morphine respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of SMS was also investigated using groups of oedema-induced rats separately treated with 1 % w/v carrageenan in normal saline and xylene. The effects of 10 mg kg^-1 indomethacin and 1 mg kg^-1 dexamethasone were also evaluated as respective standard drugs for the two models. The antipyretic effect of SMS was lastly studied using d-amphetamine and Klebsiella-induced pyretic tests with 150 mg kg ^-1 acetaminophen serving as the comparative agent. Acute toxicity test was conducted on the herbal decoction via both oral and intraperitoneal routes to obtain its LD_50. The extract dose-dependently and significantly (p<0.05) inhibited writhing in the acetic acid test group. The effect produced by 200 mg kg^-1 extract (72.8 % inhibition), compared well with acetylsalicylic acid (66.6 %), but was much less than piroxicam (90.9 %). A prolongation in reaction time in the hot plate model produced by SMS recorded 68.9 % inhibition with the highest dose and 98.4 % with morphine. The extract produced dose-dependent and significant inhibition (p<0.05) of oedema, which was comparable to indomethacin in the caraageenan-induced paw oedema model. Similarly, SMS demonstrated a significant effect (p<0.05), compared to dexamethasone on the xylene-induced mouse ear oedema test. The extract significantly decreased the hyperthermic temperature in both d-amphetamine and Klebsiella-induced pyrexia as indicated by the percentage reduction in fever recorded. Findings from the present study showed SMS to possess central and peripheral analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory property similar to steroidal and non-steroidal agents as well as antipyretic effect. The presence of diverse secondary metabolites including flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and saponins could account for the wide therapeutic spectrum of SMS. LD₅₀ for oral and intraperitoneal routes were interpolated as 2187.8 and 549.5 mg kg^-1 respectively.

Keywords: Antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, medicinal plant, mice, rats

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Preparation and evaluation of polymer-clay nanocomposite as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas of tablets containing drugs with low water-solubility

Arídio M. Júnior¹, Flávia A. do Carmo¹, Lúcio M. Cabral¹, Maria Inês B. Tavares², Ailton de S. Gomes², Luciano A. M. Grillo³, and Camila B. Dornelas^3*

¹Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

²Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano (IMA), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

^*3Escola de Enfermagem e Farmácia (ESENFAR), Campus A. C. Simões, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, Alagoas

Accepted 09 June, 2020

Abstract

Polymer (PVP K-30) - organophilic clay nanocomposites were prepared, via solution, in which the influence of time from the mixing of the starting materials was studied. With the help of X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible not only to elucidate the formation of polymeric nanocomposites, but also their process of formation, which occur in short spaces of time. The material resulted in a differential combination of substances with different aspects of functionality in Pharmaceutical Technology, and which resulted in favorable results regarding feasibility as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas, helping the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals with low solubility in water, for both immediate release tablets as well as modified release tablets.

Key words: Nanocomposite, PLN, PVP, pharmaceutical formula, tablet

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Formulation development, optimization and evaluation of once a day occuserts of brimonidine tartrate

Dipti H. Patel*, Manish P. Patel¹, Madhabhai M. Patel²

*Baroda College of Pharmacy, Baroda, Gujarat, India.

¹Nootan Pharmacy College, Visnagar, Gujarat, India. ² Kalol Institute of Pharmacy, Kalol, Gujarat, India.

Accepted 16 June 16, 2020

Abstract

Brimonidine Tartrate is a highly selective α₂-adrenoceptor agonist which reduces intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humour production and increasing aqueous humour outflow via the uveoscleral pathway. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of Brimonidine Tartrate and evaluate their potential for sustained ocular delivery. Matrix-type ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting technique-employing mercury as substrate and characterized in vitro by drug release studies using a flow-through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Nine formulations were developed, which differed in the ratio and weight of polymers carbopol 934P and HPMC-K15M. All formulations carried PEG-400 (30 % w/w) plasticizers. The optimized formulation was subjected to interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies to assess the effectiveness of the formulation. Cumulative drug released from the formulation ranged from 90-98% within 24 hours. On the basis of in vitro drug release studies, the formulation with Carbopol-934: HPMC K15M (80:20) was found to be better than the other formulations and it was selected as an optimized formulation. On the basis of interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies, it can be concluded that this ocular insert formulation provided the desired drug release in vitro for one day and remained stable and intact at ambient conditions.

Keywords: Brimonidine Tartrate; ophthalmic inserts; in vitro release studies; in vivo studies.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (6), pp. 001-010, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures

Lee Y.L¹, Rosnani H², Syed A.S.S³, Syed W.G⁴*, Yelly O.S^5,6, Usman H.U⁷

¹Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Alcare Pharmacy Sdn Bhd, 107, Jalan Temenggong, 75000 Malacca, ² Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuala Lumpur Campus, ³ Dean, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), ⁴ Lecturer, Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, USM, ⁵ Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia, ⁶ Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, ⁷ Master Student, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Accepted  22 March 2020

Abstract

This is a prospective pre-post study which was carried out to assess the impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures. Forty seven outpatients from the Government polyclinic were initially enrolled for this study but only 30 stayed on till the end of the program which was for duration of 3 months. Subjects were followed-up on 4 visits, whereby the community pharmacist provided a structured, standardized diabetes education program which involved counseling and education. Each session lasted about 1 hour on a one to one basis. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activities, smoking and alcohol consumption were also evaluated. Compliance, awareness and also their knowledge on diabetes were assessed. A Likert-type patient satisfaction survey was also conducted. At the end of the study, HbA1c was significantly reduced by 1.2% (p< 0.001), post-prandial 2 hours blood glucose reduced by 3.34mmol/l (p< 0.001), total cholesterol decreased by 0.37mmol/l (p<0.016), systolic blood pressure decreased by 9.1mmHg (p< 0.001), diastolic blood pressure decreased by 4.8mmHg (p<0.001). Weight, BMI and waist circumference did not change significantly. There was a significant improvement in the compliance score and the patients were satisfied with the outcome of the program which showed better control of their diabetes. In conclusion, the community pharmacist has made an impact on the clinical outcome measures of the diabetic patient who participated in the program.

Keywords: Diabetes, Disease Management, Pharmaceutical Care, Community Pharmacy