International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Aerodynamic characterization of marketed inhaler dosage forms: High performance liquid chromatography assay method for the determination of budesonide

Mohanad Naji Sahib, Yusrida Darwis, Peh Kok Khiang and Yvonne Tze Fung Tan*

Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, - 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.

Accepted 15 December, 2017

Abstract

A sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of aerodynamic characteristics of the emitted dose of budesonide from different inhaler dosage forms. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate (63:37% v/v) adjusted to pH5 with orthophosphoric acid. The HPLC analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using a C18 Zorbax Eclipse Plus column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5u) and an UV detection wavelength of 254 nm was used. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness and solution stability. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.05 to 62.50 ug/mL (r² = 0.9999) with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.02 and 0.06 ug/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter- day precision and accuracy were between 0.01 and 2.00% and -1.9 and 0.007%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to measure the amount of emitted and fine particle budesonide doses from Pulmicort Respules®, Pulmicort Inhaler® and Pulmicort Turbuhaler®.

Key words: Impactor, pulmicort, inhalation, HPLC, aerodynamic diameter, assay.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Xanthine oxidase and uric acid response to a 6-week pre-season training programme in male athletes

Ali Tekin

School of Physical Education and Sports, Mu la University, Mu la-Turkiye. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 0252 2111950. Fax: +90 (252)2238348.

Accepted 25 August, 2017

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the influence of a 6-week pre- season exercise programme including aerobic and anaerobic loads on xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of male athletes. Fifty voluntary subjects ( the average age is 23 ± 5) participated in this study as study a group. The control group included 30 healthy resting male volunteers with the average age of 23 ± 6. For 6 weeks, the athletes participated in pre-season training programme private to their sports branches 5 times a week. The programme included both aerobic and anaerobic loads. The venous blood samples were taken from all athletes before and after a six-week program and xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels were measured. The paired and independent t tests were used for comparisons. The mean xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the control group were 2.86 ± 0.45 U/grHb and 4.85 ± 0.43 mg/dL, respectively. For the exercise group, the mean XO and UA levels were 3.01 ± 0.39 U/grHb and 5.33 ± 0.69 mg/dL as pre-test, and 4.38 ± 0.77 U/grHb and 8.39 ± 0.33 mg/dL as post-test, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) and within the study group (p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the athletes in the exercise group before and after training programme consisting of aerobic and anaerobic loads. Moreover, similar difference was seen between exercise and control groups. Thus it can be concluded that exercise has an effect on xantine oxidase and uric acid levels.

Key words: Xanthine oxidase, uric acid, preparatory, training, athlete.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro time-kill studies of antibacterial agents from putative marine Streptomyces species isolated from the Nahoon beach, South Africa

Isoken H. Ogunmwonyi ¹, Ntsikelelo Mazomba¹, Leonard Mabinya¹, Elvis Ngwenya¹, Ezekiel Green¹, David A. Akinpelu², Ademola O. Olaniran³ and Anthony I. Okoh¹*

¹Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.

²Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

³Division of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban Westville, South Africa.

Accepted 13 December, 2017

Abstract

We assessed the antibiotic production potentials of ten putative Streptomyces strains isolated from the Nahoon beach and their antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacteria including reference strains, environmental strains and clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude ethyl acetate extracts ranged from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL and the least minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated was 0.625 mg/mL against a reference strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Time kill kinetics of all extracts revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Average log reductions in viable cell counts for all the extracts ranged from 0.86 log ₁₀ and 3.99 log₁₀ cfu/mL after 3 h interaction and 0.01 log ₁₀ and 4.86 log₁₀ after 6 h interaction at MIC, 2 × MIC, 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC concentrations. Most of the extracts were speedily bactericidal at 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC resulting in over 50% elimination of most of the test bacteria within 3 and 6 h interaction. Our findings suggest that the marine Streptomyces isolated from the Nahoon beach have tremendous potential as sources of new antibacterial compounds.

Key words: Time-kill, antibacterial compounds, Marine streptomyces, Nahoon beach.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Identification of a bacterium that produced an anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity

Chen-Xiaoxi

Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 0086-0571-86613774. Postcode: 310053.

Accepted 09 December, 2017

Abstract

The colonial morphology, the cells and the spores of a bacterium had been observed that could produce an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic. By physiological and biochemical characteristics and by 16S rDNA analysis, this bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis.

Key words: Bacterium, identification, 16S rDNA, Bacillus subtilis.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel extract on re-polarization state of myocardium in albino rat

Pradeep Kumar¹*, Sadhana Verma², Shraddha Singh¹, Sunita Tiwari¹ and M. Y. Khan²

¹Department of Biotechnology, BBA University, Lucknow.

²Department of Physiology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow.

Accepted 10 December, 2017

Abstract

Aloe vera is a well known medicinal plant contents with over 75 different ingredients, anthraquinones, saponins, and sterols. Recent studies showed that it is a potent hypolipedimic, hypoglycemic and antioxidant. In present study we investigated the dose dependent effect of aloe vera gel on repolarization state of myocardium, heart rate, QRS complex and QT interval using electrocardiograph in albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into four groups, one control and three experimental. An aqueous solution of Aloe barbadensis was prepared by taking fresh leaf of aloe plant. Animals of all the groups were anesthetized and were treated (i.p.) with aloe vera gel extract in doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in experimental groups I, II and III, respectively. Electrocardiograms were recorded at 0 (basal), 15 and 30 min after injection of aloe vera/ saline. Aloe vera in doses of 200 mg increases QTc from 73.10 ± 3.25 (mv) to 75.04 ± 1.93 (mv) and in 300 mg, QTc increased from 72.10 ± 1.85 to 76.10 ± 1.56 which is statistically significant (p<0.05). Higher doses of aloe vera cause prolongation of QTc interval in albino rat. Therefore administration of aloe vera in higher doses may be cardio toxic.

Key words: Aloe vera, ECG, QTc prolongation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Role of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor kappa B in rat hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Donglin Luo¹, Xiankai Huang²*, Baohua Liu¹, Xiaobao Ren³, Renping Xiong¹, Tao Li¹ and Guangyan Li¹

¹Department of General Surgery, Institute of Battle Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.

²Trauma Center, Institute of Battle Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.

³Department of Emergency, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.

Accepted 24 November, 2017

Abstract

The present study investigated expressions and functions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in rat livers after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The rat model of bilateral femur fracture accompanied with traumatic hemorrhagic shock was established. 96 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n = 6), traumatic shock group (n = 30), GR blocking group (n = 30) and NF-kB inhibiting group (n = 30). 10 g/L of Ru486 (Mifepristone) was given via intramuscular injection 1.5 h before injury to block GR expression in GR blocking group, and 200 mg/kg of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was given via intraperitoneal injection 1 h before injury to inhibit the activity of NF-kB. The expression of GR, TNF- and IL-6, the activity of NF-kB, the hepatic pathology and the hepatic function were dynamically observed 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8 h after trauma. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the bind activity of NF-kB. The content of GR protein in liver tissue started to decrease 2 h after traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and was significantly lower than the normal control group after 4 h (P < 0.01). The activity of NF-kB was significantly increased after injury, and peaked after 6 h (P < 0.01). After blocking GR expression, NF-kB expression was significantly increased at each time point after reinjury. Two hours after injury, inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the Sinus hepaticus. The expressions of TNF - , IL-6, ALT and TB were significantly increased 2 h after injury (P < 0.01). After inhibiting NF -kB, GR expression was increased in liver tissue after reinjury. TNF-and IL-6 were rapidly decreased at each time point after injury. The liver cell degeneration was significantly recovered 4 - 8 h after injury under light microscope and the congestion in the S. hepaticus was relieved. ALT and TB expressions in serum were significantly decreased 4 h after injury. GR and NF-kB have a close relationship and play an important role in the hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Key words: Trauma, hemorrhagic shock, glucocorticoid receptor, nuclear factor kappa B, liver injury.