International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro antibacterial activities of crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild

O. O. Olajuyigbe and A. J. Afolayan*

Phytomedicine Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.

Accepted 11 November, 2020

Abstract

The antibacterial activities of both water and ethanol extracts of Acacia mearnsii de Wild against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated. The two extracts were very active against the two groups of bacteria. While the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract ranged between 78.1 and 625 µg/ml, the MIC for aqueous extract ranged between 156.3 and 625 µg/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of ethanol extract ranged between 156.3 and 625 µg/ml while that of aqueous extract was between 312.5 and 5000 µg/ml. Water appeared to be a good extraction medium and its extract could be as potent as alcoholic extracts.The MIC_index showed that the two extracts were bactericidal at high concentrations and bacteriostatic at low concentrations. The strong bactericidal activities of the two extracts may be attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites which are soluble in both ethanol and water. The antibacterial activity of the extracts indicated the great therapeutic potential of this plant and has justified its ethnomedicinal use against infectious diseases.

Key words: Acacia mearnsii, extracts, antibacterial, bacteriostatic, bactericidal.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of tetrandrine on the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1  and vascular endothelial growth factor in neovascularized cornea

Guangli Sun¹, Gang Su²*, Yu Zu¹, Mingchang Zhang¹ and Qianqian Shi¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.

²The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.

Accepted 11 October, 2020

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of tetrandrine on the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor1 (HIF1 ) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neovascularized cornea of rats following alkaline burn. A rat model corneal neovascularization (CNV) was established by alkaline burn. The expressions of HIF1 and VEGF before and after tetrandrine treatment were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy and photography were done to observe the neovascularization. Result showed the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in the normal cornea were very weak or even absent. Following alkaline burn, the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF were markedly increased and mainly located in the neovascularized area and in the epithelial layer. After treatment with Tetrandrine, the density of neovascularization was significantly decreased, accompanied by remarkably decreased expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in the neovascularized corneal stroma. It is concluded that tetrandrine can effectively inhibit the neovascularization following alkaline burn in rats and reduce the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in neovascularized cornea of rats following alkaline burn.

Key words: Tetrandrine, corneal neovascularization, hypoxia inducible factor-1 , vascular endothelial growth factor.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Gabaergic system role in aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis L. root on PTZ-induced clonic seizure threshold in mice

Mir Hadi Khayat Nouri¹* and Ali Namvaran Abbas Abad²

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Tabriz, Iran.

²Young Researchers club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.

Accepted 16 September, 2020

Abstract

Pharmacognosy studies have shown that Valeriana officinalis L. roots containing significant amounts of free amino acids such as GABA and other substances like valeric acid and isovalerate. In this study, anticonvulsant effects of V. officinalis (VO) roots aqueous extract, using standard methods of chemical seizure caused by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in mice was assessed. To evaluate mechanisms involved in VO anticonvulsant effects, diazepam and flumazenil were used. After determining the seizure threshold in the control group, different doses of VO (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg) were intraperitoneally (IP) administered and their effects on the threshold of PTZ-induced seizure were studied. Diazepam (1, 2 and 3 mg/kg) and flumazenil (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally and the seizure threshold was determined, after which the different doses of the VO drugs were evaluated. The results showed that PTZ-induced seizure threshold in control mice was 35.52 ± 0.87 mg/kg. VO and diazepam were increased and flumazenil were decreased the threshold of PTZ-induced seizure. Also results showed that diazepam and flumazenil, respectively increase and decrease the effect of VO on PTZ-induced seizure. Changes in seizure threshold in this study indicate that probably the mechanism of VO anticonvulsant effects is due to the inhibitory GABA system, but this issue needs further investigations.

Key words: Valeriana officinalis, root, diazepam, flumazenil, PTZ, clonic seizure threshold.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-016, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Recent advances on supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils

Lili Xu¹, Xiaori Zhan¹*, Zhaowu Zeng²*, Rong Chen¹, Haifeng Li¹, Tian Xie¹ and Shuling Wang¹

¹Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 1378 Wen Yi Xi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, People’s Republic of China.

²Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People’s Republic of China.

Accepted 12 October, 2020

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is one of the most commonly used extraction techniques in the course of analysis or preparation. It is environmentally friendly and has some advantages over other conventional extraction methods. This review covers the recent developments of SFE in the extraction of essential oils from the plant materials during the period 2005 to 2011, in particular some factors influencing SFE extraction yield, its characteristics and applications.

Key words: Supercritical fluid extraction, essential oils, review.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of acute twelve minute run test on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities

Nazmi Sarita ¹*, Fatma Uyanik², Zuhal Hamurcu³ and Bekir Çoksevim⁴

¹Physical Education and Sport High School, Erciyes University, Kayseri /Turkey.

²Vocational High School of Health Services, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale / Turkey.

³Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri / Turkey.

⁴Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri / Turkey.

Accepted 21 September, 2020

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 min run test on oxidative stress, some antioxidant enzyme activities, and muscle and DNA damage. Twenty two healthy and well trained male athletes were recruited to this study. The12 min run test, cooper test, was applied to the participating athletes. The blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 h after the run test, and sera and plasma were separated and then stored at –80°C until the analysis. Serum MDA and NO levels as the indicators of oxidative damage; serum SOD and CAT, plasma GPx activities as the indicators of antioxidant defense system; serum 8-OHdG as the indicator of DNA damage, CK and LHD enzyme activities as the indicators of muscle damage, and glucose level were measured. Serum SOD, NO, CAT, and 8–OHdG levels showed no significant changes before, immediately after and 24 h after the run rest. There was a significant decrease in serum MDA level immediately after exercise, which is returned to baseline level after 24 h–rest period (p<0.05). Serum LHD (p<0.001) and CK activities (p<0.05) and glucose level (p<0.001) increased immediately after exercise but these increments returned to pre-exercise level after 24 h–rest period. Acute twelve minute endurance exercise increased CK, LDH and glucose decreased oxidative stress and whereas has no effect on antioxidant capacity and DNA damage in trained young men.

Key words: Antioxidant enzymes, exercise, oxidative stress, twelve minute run test.