International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (3), pp. 160-166, October, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of extract from Pseudospondias microcarpa (Anarcadiaceae)

Sidjui Sidjui, Lazare,^{* 1, 2}  Melong, Raduis ³, Nnanga, Nga ¹, Toghueo Kouipou, Rufin Marie ⁴, Zeuko’o Menkem, Elisabeth ⁴, Sikadeu, Sandrine ⁵, Guedje, Nicole Marie ⁶, and  Folefoc Ngosong, Gabriel²

^{* 1}Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies P.O Box 6163 Yaoundé, Cameroon

² Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Department of organic chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

³ Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O  Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon

⁴ Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal plants Studies, Antimicrobial Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P. O Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

⁵ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O Box: 2701 Douala, Cameroon

⁶ Department  of  Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University  of  Yaoundé I, P. O  Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon

E-mail:[email protected]

Accepted 1^stSeptember, 2014.

Abstract 

This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of extracts from root and stem barks of Pseudospondias microcarpa. The root and stem barks were extracted successively by n-Hexane, Methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, Methanol, Methanol-Methylene Chloride, and ethanol-water. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü 57 and Mucormiehei. Cytotoxicity activity of extracts was measured by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and their phytochemical screening was studied.The inhibition zone diameter of the nineteen extracts ranged from 0-15 mm. PMF4 and PMF7 with 15 mm showed moderate activity on Staphylococcus aureus.  PM11 and PMF6 showed 14 mm on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans respectively. At 24 h, the percentage of lethality vary from 0-21 % with PMF2 and PM3 having 19 and 21 % respectively. At 32 h, percentage varies from 0-56 % with PMF1, PMF2 and PM3 exhibited 27, 38 and 56 % respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, quinones, glycosides, polyphenols, triterpenes, anthocyanins, anthraquinons, tannins and coumarins. This work revealed the antimicrobial potentials of this plant supporting their traditional use. 

Key Words: Pseudospondias microcarpa, Anacardiaceae, antimicrobial, brine shrimp, phytochemical screening. 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 154-159, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Therapeutic drug monitoring: An overview of commonly monitored drugs

Nwobodo Ndubuisi N

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 07 January, 2014

Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring is relevant in individualizing drug therapy, optimizing clinical response and reducing incidence of adverse effects. The use of many effective drugs in clinical practice is limited due to narrow therapeutic window, necessitating individualization of treatment within the framework of therapeutic drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring is an effective tool for quality assurance in clinical practice, more so for optimizing therapy. Drugs for which therapeutic drug monitoring is indicated constitute only a fraction of drugs in current use. There are clear indications and specific characteristics of drugs for which therapeutic drug monitoring may be required, most especially drugs with very low therapeutic index such as anticonvulsants, cardioactive drugs, antineoplastic drugs, antiasthmatic drugs, immunosuppressants, antidepressant drugs, antibiotics, antiretroviral drugs and antimycobacterial drugs. Hence, the goal of an ideal therapeutic drug monitoring service can be readily achieved by ensuring cautious selection of appropriate drugs and techniques that are cost-effective, highly sensitive/specific and guarantees clinical benefits to the patient.

Key words: Adverse drug reaction, clinical practice, common, drug therapy, overview, therapeutic drug monitoring, therapeutic index.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 149-153, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Synthesis and bio-chemical investigation of series of Bis-(Aldamine-sugar)

Nagham Mahmood Aljamali*

Chemistry Department, College Education for Women, Kufa University, Iraq.

E-mail:  [email protected]

Accepted 06 September, 2013

Abstract

The synthesized compounds in our work are calss of heterocyclic compounds in organic synthetic.In the present  study, series of various organic compounds [1-11] were synthesized from anil –arabinose compound, which contain two imine –groups can be react as starting material with other compounds (sodium azide, chloro acetyl chloride, azo compound, thiol, secondary amine, maleic anhydride, primary amine) to produce cyclic and open cyclic compounds from (azitidine , form azane , diazepine , thiazine , diazane , sulfide). This work involved cyclization of imine group in some imine –sugar compounds to heterocyclic compounds several steps such as (condensation, alkylation, addition reactions). A detailed discussion of the structural elucidation of newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by (melting points, elemental analysis C.H.N, FT.IR, H.NMR)–spectra, and antimicrobial study on the Gram –positive and Gram –negative bacteria.

Keyword: Bis-aldamine, aze-imine, bis-azimine, cyclize of sugar, azane-sugar, arabino-imine, cyclize of aldamin. 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 143-148, January, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A description of the pattern of rational drug use in Ghana Police Hospital

^1*Daniel Kwame Afriyie and ²Tetteh, Raymond

¹Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Ghana.  

² Pharmacy Department, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 13 December, 2013

Abstract

Irrational use of drugs is a widespread problem at all levels of care, and results in increased mortality, morbidity, adverse drug reactions, poor patient outcomes and wastage of scarce resources. The main objective of the study was to investigate the pattern of rational drug use in the Ghana Police Hospital. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) core indicators of rationale drug use, prescribing data were obtained from 120 outpatients’ records from January-July in 2009. Patient and health facility indicators were obtained by interviewing 100 outpatients and 9 prescribers. Data was analysed with an excel software program. Average number of drugs per patient encounter was 3.7. Of the 446 prescribed drugs identified within study period, 24.2% of encounters received all their medications, 12.5% did not receive any of their prescribed medications while 62.6 % were prescribed by their generic names. Percentage of encounters with injection and antibiotics were 8.3% and 11.9% respectively. Average consulting and dispensing time were observed to be 8 and 1.52 minutes respectively. Percentage of patients who knew the correct drug dosage schedule they received was 62.5%. Percentage of key drugs and treatment guidelines availability were 75.8% and 77.8% respectively. Rational drug use and drug availability at the Hospital was not satisfactory. Adequate drug funding to ensure availability of essential medicines and education of stakeholders is vital to improve the situation.

Key words: Rational drug use, Prescribing indicators, Patient indicators, Health facility indicators, WHO/INRUD indicators, Ghana. 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (9), pp. 131-142, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
 
Full Length Research Paper

In vivo antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea (Fabaceae) in Mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei

Mebrahtu Eyasu¹, Workineh Shibeshi² and Mirutse Giday³

¹Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, P.O. BOX 1271 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

² Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis

Ababa University. P.O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.,

³Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 18 November, 2013

Abstract

Malaria is one of the most serious health problems worldwide and treatment has been compromised by drug resistance. Consequently, efforts are directed towards discovery of novel agents including from medicinal plants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the suppressive, curative and prophylactic activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei (1x10⁷parasites/mouse). The extract (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg), chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and distilled water (0.2ml/day) were administered orally for four days. Then parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, rectal temperature and survival time of mice were monitored. The 60 mg/kg dose in 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests had maximum parasitemia chemosuppression of 51.15, 47.77 and 36.8% (P<0.001 in all cases) respectively with significant effect on survival time (4-day suppressive test) compared to negative control. In 4-day suppressive test, the extract had prevented packed cell volume reduction at 15 and 30 mg/kg doses (P<0.05) compared to negative control. In prophylactic test, extract doses at 15mg/kg (p<0.001) and 60mg/kg (p<0.05) prevented body weight loss compared to negative control. The present work establishes antiplasmodial activity of the plant which can be a potential source of new chemotherapeutic and/or chemoprophylactic compounds.

Key words: antimalarial activity, Calpurnia aurea, Plasmodium berghei, Mice, in vivo.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (8), pp. 125-130, November, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Development of oral strip for Loratadine and in vitro evaluation

 H.D. Karen*, D. M. Patel, A.R. Jasakiya and C. N. Patel

Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Near Arvind Baug-384 001, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 29 August, 2013

Abstract

Loratadine is a second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. The present work was aimed to develop of Loratadine using HPMC E15 LV PREMIUM as film forming polymer, glycerin as a plasticizer and tween 80 as a surfactant. The strips were evaluated for thickness, tensile strength, % elongation, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. A trial and error approach was used in present study for optimization. Oral strip containing HPMC E15 LV PREMIUM (190 mg), tween 80 (15% of polymer) and glycerin (20% of polymer) has given the maximum in vitro drug release and imparts good transparency. A satisfactory result in the strip was exhibited in the way of in vitro release that came in 20 minutes. The drug excipients compatibility study showed that there were no interaction between drug and excipients. Stability study of the optimized formulation showed that the strips were stable at accelerated environmental conditions. Before, the DSC data showed no crystalline form but after 1 month short term, accelerated stability study showed that there was partial crystallization but no change in in vitro dissolution study. So it was concluded that the prepared dosage form was suitable for oral drug delivery.

Key words: Oral strip, solvent casting, disintegration time, loratadine, transparency.