International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Disease management by vaccination using Escherichia coli antigens

P. Dhasarathan¹, S. Saravanan² and A. Perianayagasamy³

¹Department of Biotechnology, Prathyush Institute of Technology and Management, Trivallur – 602 025, India.

²Department of Biotechnology, Sri Kaliswari College, Sivakasi – 626 130, India.

³Research and Development centre, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, India.

Accepted 21 October, 2019

Abstract

A major challenge for health care in 21st century is the increase in level of resistance to pathogens and effective vaccines to prevent the often life threatening infections are urgently required. Pathogen has been investigated for their potential use either as therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines, in order to identify new antigens of diagnostic and vaccine potential. The present investigation was done with five different type of antigens produced from single pathogen. It also identifies the immune complex and DNA antigen as most suitable for vaccine development against pathogens. Antigens may vary within the host during the course of infection or antigenic types of parasites in the population. Antigenic variation is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganism for escaping and neutralizing activities of the antibody. Immune complexes and DNA antigen serve as vaccines, and it can be used to develop multi antigen. Furthermore, it is also easy to produce in a large scale. Vaccination is still the best way for prevention of bacterial diseases. The conditions for the preparation of antigens of intact natural composition and conformation from Escherichia coli (whole cell and heat killed), was determined using Swiss albino mice (Balb/C) as experimental species. A novel approach for vaccine design and production is discussed.

Key words: Immune complex, vaccine, delayed type hypersensitivity, Escherichia coli.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chromosomal aberrations induced in bone marrow cells of mice due to the administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Piroxicam

Mohamed A. Dkhil^1,2* Amany Tohamy¹ and Mohamed S. Gabry¹

¹Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of science, Helwan University, Egypt.

²Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 13 April, 2019

Abstract

Cytogenetic changes in male albino mice due to the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Piroxicam was investigated after daily intraperitoneal injection with 0.3 mg/kg body weight, for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The observed structural chromosomal aberrations were in the form of chromatid breakage, centric fusion, centromeric attenuation, ring chromosome and end to end association. At all the treatment periods used the number of cells with chromatid breakages and with total structural aberrations increased to statistically significant levels. Only after one and four weeks of treatment it was noticed that the number of cells with end to end association increased significantly. No significant changes in the mitotic indicies could be detected in all mice groups. The study demonstrated that Piroxicam affects the bone marrow cells where it causes some aberrations in the chromosomes. Thus, Piroxicam should be used under strict medical control, and these serious side effects should be considered and taken in consideration when using Piroxicam in treatments. 

Key words: Cytogenecity, chromosomes, Piroxicam.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-010, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of the medical benefit in the folkloric use of Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaf among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension

S. Ghasi¹*, C. Egwuibe², P. U. Achukwu² and J. C. Onyeanusi²

¹Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 September, 2019

Abstract

The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on the blood pressure of anaesthetized cats, as well as on the liver and kidney status of the rabbit were investigated in this study. The results revealed that, the extract produced a small fall in the blood pressure of the anaesthetized cat and also reduced the effect of adrenaline-induced elevation of blood pressure. In rabbits, biochemical analysis of serum was carried out; urea and creatinine were used as tests of its effect on the renal function while alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) served as enzyme indices of the liver function. In addition, the tissues of the liver and kidney were microscopically examined. The treated rabbits showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in their serum creatinine accompanied by significant increase in their serum urea (P < 0.05). No significant changes of these biochemical parameters were seen in the serum of control animals. While a significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the activity of the ALP of the treated animals, a non-significant increase (P > 0.05) was recorded in the AST and ALT aminotransferases of both the treated and control animals. The increase recorded in the treated group was much higher (8.64 and 13.63%) as compared to the control group (0.69 and 7.05%). The histopathological examination of the kidney and liver of treated animals showed shrunken glomeruli with increased urinary space, mild necrosis of the tubules and hyaline droplets, while the liver tissue revealed necrosis of the liver cells, lymphocytic infiltration and peri-cuffing of the bile duct. The control animals, however, showed normal histological structure. In addition after 4 weeks of treatment, body weight in the control group was significantly higher than those in the treated group. It was concluded that the pharmacological basis for the use of B. pinnatum among the Igbos of Nigeria to lower blood pressure was established by this study. However, the facts that the reduction in blood pressure produced is slight and the B. pinnatum leaf extract is potentially organotoxic negate its use as a blood pressure lowering agent.

Key words: Byophyllum pinnatum, blood pressure, biochemical analysis, histopathology, rabbit.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-009, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chemotaxonomic clarification of pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus L.

Muhammad Zafar¹, Mushtaq Ahmad¹*, Mir Ajab Khan¹, Shazia Sultana¹, Gul Jan¹, Farooq Ahmad², Asma Jabeen³, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah¹, Shabnum Shaheen⁴, Amin Shah⁵, Abdul Nazir¹ and Sarfaraz Khan Marwat¹

¹Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

³Environmental Sciences Department, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

⁴Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan.

⁵Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.

Accepted 03 October, 2019

Abstract

The evaluation of the crude herbal drug which eventually enters the pharmaceutical market is obviously of considerable importance. This operation involves the identification of the material and determination of its quality, purity and of adulterated nature of the adulterants. The present paper is based on the above objectives which confined to chemotaxonomic authentication of Cyprus rotundus L. (Nagar mootha) and its other similar species. Chemotaxonomic techniques including morphology, organoleptography, palynology, anatomy and phyto -chemical analysis were carried out in order to clarify the pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus that is Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus difformis and Cyperus niveus. It is concluded from this study that the genuine source of herbal drug Nagar Mootha is C. rotundus instead of other species. Such type of studies is the need of herbal industry to ensure validation process which applied in the manufacturing of herbal medicines and phyto- pharmaceuticals. This will provide the credibility in the regulation and grown of pharmaceutically important herbal medicines for the foreseeable.

Key words: Cyperus L., chemotaxonomic, pharmaceutical.