International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prohibitive effect of lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on some pathogen fungi and bacteria

Melda Sisecioglu¹, Ekrem Kirecci², Murat Cankaya³, Hasan Ozdemir¹, Ilhami Gulcin^1,4* and Ali Atasever¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

²School of Health Service, Sutcu mam University, 46100-Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

³Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Art, Erzincan University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey.

⁴School of Health Services, Agri brahim Cecen University, TR-04100-Agri, Turkey.

Accepted 20 April, 2016

Abstract

Lactoperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme found in milk. This enzyme has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It is fairly heat resistant and was widely used as an indicator of over pasteurization of milk. In the present study, bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) was purified from skimmed milk using amberlite-CG-50-H⁺ resin, CM-sephadex-C-50 ion-exchange chromatography and sephadex-G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme activity was determined using 2, 2-azino-bis-diammonium salt as a chromogenic substrate at pH 6, and purification degree was controlled by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of bovine lactoperoxidase was determined by disk diffusion method. Bovine LPO exhibited high antifungal and antibacterial activity in 100 mM thiocynate-100 mM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) medium on some fungi (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces boulardii) and bacteria (Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius), respectively. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of LPO system was compared to those of well known antibacterial and antifungal substances such as cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline and fluconazole. This study has investigated for the first time the antifungal and antibacterial effects of bovine LPO system on C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, S. boulardii, S. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis and S. intermedius.

Key words: Milk, enzyme, lactoperoxidase, LPO, antibacterial, antifungal.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of methionine on hepatic indices in male Wistar rat dosed to acetaminophen formulation

A. A. Iyanda¹*, J. I. Anetor², F. A. A. Adeniyi² and C. I. Iheakanwa³

¹Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 April, 2016

Abstract

Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as an effective antidote to counteract the manifestation of hepatotoxicity, which is a common occurrence of acetaminophen at overdose levels of exposure. This study was embarked on to test the hepatoprotective effect of methionine in acetaminophen tablets, produced by a leading paracetamol brand in Nigeria especially in ameliorating the hepatocellular damage for which acetaminophen is noted for. Ten percent methionine was detected in this formulation using HPLC technique. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this purpose, they were divided equally into four groups, and the first group served as the control and received 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The other three groups served as the test groups and received 100, 350 and 1000 mgkg BW of acetaminophen dissolved in 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The drug was introduced into the rats by intra-peritoneal route of administration. The study lasted for 48 h after which the animals were sacrificed and blood obtained by cardiac puncture. Results showed that all these hepatotoxic indices and liver function tests (aspartate and alanine amino transferases, alkaline phoshatase, total and conjugated bilirubin, total proteins, albumin and globulins) of rats in both 350 and 1000 mgkg levels were not statistically different compared to the controls (p > 0.05). The rats in the 100 mgkg set showed the same pattern except that total proteins and globulins were statistically increased in these rats compared to controls (p < 0.05). These results therefore, show that methionine containing acetaminophen in tablet form ameliorated the toxic effects of acetaminophen even at toxic level of 1000 mgkg level BW.

Key words: Hepatocellular damage, male Wistar rats, acetaminophen formulation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of short -term exercise on heart-rate blood pressure oxidative stress paraoxonase activity and lipid hydroperoxide

Selçuk Özda

School of Physical Education and Sports, Mu la University, Mu la-Turkiye. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 0252 2111950. Fax:+90 (252)2238348.

Accepted 26 March, 2016

Abstract

This study inquired the effects of short-term exercise on heart-beats, blood pressure, total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC), total oxidative stress (TOS), lipid hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) in football players. 22 male football players, who perform exercise regularly at least three times a week and two hours a day, participated in this study on voluntary basis. Heart-beats, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and blood samples were taken from the football players before and right after the short-term exercise. Their Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Oxidative Stress (TOS), Lipid Hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) levels were measured and assessed. It was found that football players displayed significant increase in heart -beats (p < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), significant decrease in TAC values (p < 0.05), and significant increase in the oxidative status (TOS) value (p < 0.05) after the short-term exercise compared to the pre-exercise levels. No significant change was observed in diastolic blood pressure, lipid hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) levels. In this study, it was found that the balance shifted towards oxidative stress due to decreased antioxidants and increased oxidants after short -term exercise. In order to reduce such a high oxidative stress and to prevent athletes from its adverse effects, it necessary to have an antioxidant-rich diet before any exercise or to get antioxidant supplements.

Key words: Football, short-term exercise, oxidants, antioxidants.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia balsamifera leaves, stems and root against some pathogenic microorganisms

A.S. Kamba¹* and L. G. Hassan²

¹Department of Chemistry, Institute for Quran and General Studies, Sokoto, Nigeria.

²Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Accepted 21 September, 2015

Abstract

Plants and plant-based products are the bases of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for various ailments. The objective of the study is to determine the bioactive chemical constituents and to evaluate extracts of Euphorbia balsamifera leaves, stem and root for in vitro antimicrobial activities by seagar dilution method. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts of the plant parts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, cardic glycosides and balsam (gum). The extract of E. balsamifera leaves, stem and roots were mostly effective against the Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed four, three and two spots for ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts respectively using ethyl acetate: hexane solvent mixture. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the crude extracts were determined for the various organisms which ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged between 4.5 and 6.0 mg/ml. E. balsamifera could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents.

Key words: Euphorbia balsamifera, phytochemical screening, plant extracts and zone of inhibitions.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (7), pp. 001-009, July, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antihypercholesterolemia property and fatty acid composition of mardi-produced virgin coconut oils

Z. A. Zakaria¹*, Z. Ahmad¹, M. N. Somchit¹, A. K. Arifah², H. M. Khairi¹, M. R. Sulaiman¹, L. K. Teh³, M. Z. Salleh³ and K. Long⁴

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁴Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agriculture Research Institue (MARDI), 50744 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Accepted 20 September, 2015

Abstract

Virgin coconut oil (VCO), or in Malays known as ‘minyak kelapa dara’, has gain a lot of attention recently due to various medicinal values. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding two types of VCOs, VCOA (produced via a standard drying method) or VCOB (prepared via fermentation process), that were produced by Malaysia Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in lowering the plasma lipid parameter in rabbits. Nine groups of New Zealand White male rabbits (n = 6/group) were used in this study. Group 1 and 2 animals were treated with 0.9% normal saline, but fed either with a normal or cholesterol-added diet (negative control), respectively. Group 3 - 5 and 6 - 8 were given orally with the different volume (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 ml/kg/day) of VCOA or VCOB followed by the cholesterol-added diet. Group 9 were treated with 5 mg/kg Atorvastatin and fed a cholesterol-added diet. All groups were treated for 8 weeks and blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein prior to treatment (day 0), weeks 4 and 8 for the analysis of plasma. The rabbits fed with different volume of VCOs showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels compared to the control group in weeks 4 and 8. The triglycerides level increased significantly (P < 0.05) on week 4 before reduced on week 8, to a level that is still significant when compared to week 0. The HDL level also increased significantly (P < 0.05) on weeks 4 and 8 after treatment. Fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of all important fatty acids. Both VCOs showed insignificant effect on all parameters measured when compared together. In conclusion, the MARDI-produced VCOs appeared to possess great potentials as antihypercholesterolemic agent that required further in-depth study.

Key words: Virgin coconut oil, antihypercholesterolemia, atorvastatin.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessing the polyphenolic, nutritive and biological activities of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of Rumex sagittatus Thunb.

F. O. Jimoh¹, A. A. Adedapo²* and A. J. Afolayan¹

¹Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.

²Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 23 March, 2016

Abstract

The nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Rumex sagittatus Thunb. were investigated using standard analytical methods in order to assess the therapeutical potential of the leaves of this plant. The proximate analysis showed that the leaves contained appreciable amount of ash, crude protein, lipids, fibre and carbohydrates. Elemental analysis in mg/100 g (DW) indicated that the leaves contained appreciable sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, manganese and nitrogen. The chemical composition in mg/100 g (DW) showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins and phytate. The extracts also exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, which were comparable to that of ascorbic acid and BHT. Extracts also contained appreciable levels of polyphenolic compounds. In comparing the nutrient and chemical constituents with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the results reveal that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals and low levels of toxicants.

Key words: Antioxidant activities, Rumex sagittatus, nutritional value.