International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 15 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Mineral Profile and Quality Assessment of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis in Southwest China

Jinyu Zhang^1,2, Yuanzhong Wang², Ji Zhang², Yongli Ding^2,3, Hong Yu¹* and Hang Jin²*

¹Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
²Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
³School of Pharmaceutics, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650200, China.

Accepted 29 September, 2025

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is known to be used as medicine for anti-cancer and traumatic injuries. The present investigation was carried out to estimate the mineral elements in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis collected from different locations of South West China by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The contents of its mineral elements were found in the order of Ca > K > Mg > Fe > Na > Cu > Mn > Zn > Cr. The content levels of some elements, such as Cr, Cu, Ca and Mn in the samples were usually affected by environmental conditions, whereas the contents of Mg and K were rather stable in the same species or variety. The contents of the most determined elements in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is different from other medicinal species in genus Paris.

Keywords: Mineral elements, medicinal plant, Trilliaceae, Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Oxidative Stress and Micronutrient Profiles (Vitamins A, C, E) in Early-Stage Type 2 Diabetes in Southeast Nigeria

Onyesom I.¹, Agho J. E.^1,2* and Osioh H. E¹

¹Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University Abraka, Nigeria.
²Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Technology, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Accepted 25 August, 2025

Free radicals have important roles in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. It has been well documented that there is a link between oxidative stress and secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. However, humans are well endowed with antioxidant defences, primarily by free radical scavengers, such as Vitamins A, C, E and some trace elements. Deficiencies of these micronutrients may increase susceptibility to this disease and the associated complications. In this study, serum antioxidant vitamins (Vitamin A, C and E) were estimated in 50 Type 2 diabetic patients using standard procedures, and the results obtained were compared with those of apparently healthy, non-diabetic subjects of comparable age and social status. Serum glucose level of the diabetic subjects (11.47 ± 1.67 mmol/L) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the value obtained for the non-diabetic subjects (4.16 ± 0.46 mmol/L). Vitamin A (14.38 ± 7.59 µg/L), C (0.66 ± 0.17 mg/dl) and E (0.51 ± 0.19 mg/dl) concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in diabetic patients relative to the levels of Vitamin A (44.12 ± 11.79 µg/L), C (0.97 ± 0.23 mg/dl) and E (0.68 ± 0.13 mg/dl) in control subjects. About 30, 36 and 12% of the diabetic subjects had severe Vitamins A, C and E deficiencies, respectively. These deficiencies may be contributing factor to the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The outcome of the inclusion of Vitamin A, C and E supplements in the therapeutic regimen for Type 2 diabetics in Nigeria should be studied so that health care providers could be advised.

Key words: Nigerians, antioxidants, vitamins, diabetics.
 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Isolation and Antibacterial Evaluation of Ethylgallate and Quercitrin from Dacryodes edulis Leaves

Kola K. Ajibesin¹*, Etienne E. Essien² and Saburi A. Adesanya³

¹Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
²Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
³Department of Pharmacognosy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Accepted 5 October, 2025

Dacryodes edulis is a dioecious, small to medium-sized tree, reaching 20 to 25 m high. Different parts of the plant are used to treat many diseases including skin infections, digestive tract disorder and dysentery. The leaves were macerated in 50% ethanol and the liquid extract concentrated to dryness. The dry extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity by using agar diffusion method. The extract was partitioned between water, ethyl acetate and butanol successively and further subjected to antibacterial testing. The most active fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, was purified through various chromatographic methods to obtain pure compounds identified by spectroscopic methods as ethylgallate and quercitrin. These compounds gave good antibacterial effects, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the fractions and the pure compounds ranged between 12.5 and 250 µg/ml. These phenolic compounds are reported for the first time in this plant.

Key word: Dacryodes edulis, antibacterial activity, ethylgallate, quercitrin.
 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Tiamulin and Pulmotil on Production Parameters, Lesions, and Mortality in CRD-Infected Poultry

A. Zakeri* and P. Kashefi

Poultry Section, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz,
P.C. 5157944533, Iran.

Accepted 7 October, 2025

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is one of the most important veterinary diseases in Iran and all over the world. Mortality, reducing of weight gain and increasing of feed conversion ratio (FCR) are caused by CRD. Several drugs are used for prevention and control of CRD. CRD is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Tiamulin and pulmotil are effective on M. gallisepticum. By considering generating resistance against antibiotics that is effective on MG, studying the effect of these drugs in the treatment and prevention of CRD in birds were the purpose of this research. In this study, tow broiler flock (MG positive) and layer flock (MG free) with 15000 birds, divided in six similar groups (A, B, C (layer), D, E and F (broiler)) with 2500 bird in each group. 13 and 100 g tiamulin in 200 L of water was used in Groups A and D, respectively. 60 ml pulmotil in 200 L of water was used in Groups B and E at the same time. However, the birds in Groups C and F (control groups) did not get any antibiotic. Gross lesions and mortality of CRD, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tiamulin, pulmotil and other common antibiotic dicks, hen-day percentage in layers and growth parameters in broilers of control and experimental groups were calculated. The basis of ANOVA analysis was that the use of antibiotics such as tiamulin and pulmotil significantly reduced mortality and gross lesions (P < 0.05). Also, it improved hen-day percentage in layers and growth parameters in broilers (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that usage of these antibiotics can be essential in the treatment and prevention of CRD in birds.

Key words: Pulmotil, tiamulin, chronic respiratory disease (CRD), birds, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Bioavailability of Celecoxib Formulations in Healthy Males: A Randomized Crossover Study

Muhammad Akhtar1*, Mahmood Ahmad1, Irshad Ahmad1, Naveed Akhtar1, Asad Ullah Madni1, Muhammad Usman1, Muhammad Naeem Aamir1, Sonia Khiljee1, Mohammad Sualeh2, Shujaat Ali Khan3 and Muhammad Aleem4

1Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
2Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan.
3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
4Department of Statistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Accepted 7 October, 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess bioequivalence of two marketed formulations of celecoxib capsules in healthy human male volunteers. The study was conducted according to a single dose, randomized sequence, open label, two-period and crossover design. Both test and reference formulations comprised labeled dose of 200 mg celecoxib and were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by one week of washout period. After drug administration, blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for a period of 48 h. Plasma separated from blood was analyzed for celecoxib concentrations using validated reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, T1/2 and Kel were determined from the plasma concentration for both formulations. Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞, were evaluated for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of Cm ax (93.26 to 100.70%), AUC0-t (87.00 to 117.50%) and AUC0-∞ (86.49 to 118.56%), values for the test and reference products were within the acceptance range of 80 to 125%, proposed by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that two formulations of celecoxib are bioequivalent in their rate and extent of absorption.

Key words: Celecoxib, pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, healthy human male volunteers.
 

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Development and Biopharmaceutical Assessment of Fast Dissolving Nifedipine-Cyclodextrin Tablets

Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh1*, Jia-You Fang1,2, Ibrahim M. El-Bagory1,3, Ehab I. Taha1 and Mohsen A. Bayomi1,3

1College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
2Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan,
Taiwan.

3Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Box 2460 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 11 March, 2025

In this study, nifedipine tablets were formulated with different types of cyclodextrins (CDs) by direct compression method. Spray dried lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were used as tablet fillers. The prepared tablets showed good appearance with acceptable crushing strength and disintegration time. The tablets showed fast dissolution within 11 to 68 min for 80% of the drugs depending on the type of CD and tablet filler. Some of the formulated tablets presented good fast release properties similar to soft gelatin capsules (USP XXIV) and based on the calculated dissolution efficiency (DE%), tablets containing hydroxypropyl- -CD and lactose as a filler were chosen for in vivo study by oral administration to beagle dogs when compared with the commercially available 10 mg soft gelatin capsule (Adalat®) and 10 mg film coated tablets (Corinfar ®). The formulated tablets showed significantly higher area under the curve (AUC0- ) than the commercial soft gelatin capsule and film coated tablets as result of increased drug absorption. It was concluded that the formulated fast release tablets could replace the nifedipine soft gelatin capsules with the advantages of ease of preparation and less restricted storage and handling conditions.

Key words: Nifedipine tablets, cyclodextrins, bioavailability, beagle dogs.