International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of monocycle pulses on biomedical systems

Yafang Tan^1,2*, Hongchun Yang^1,2, Jun Xu^1,2 and Xiaolin Yang^1,2

¹School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, 610054, China. ²School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, P. R. China.

Accepted 18 October, 2023

Abstract

Based on multilayer dielectric model, for the spherical biological cell subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF), a simplified equivalent circuit was presented. According to a mathematical analysis of a monocycle electric pulse (MEP), the relationship between a given pulse duration and a center frequency was established and its main energy was concentrated on the center frequency. Thus the transmenbrane potential of external and inner membranes induced by the MEP with various durations was simply calculated by using a harmonic function with different center frequency and the equivalent circuit equations. Furthermore, the threshold electric intensities and window effect of the electroporation with different pulse duration were discussed assuming that the external and inner membranes would breakdown under certain potential values. In view of current difficulty in developing the high peak power PEF devices and the advantage of the MEP in living cell's electroporation effects, an experimental scheme was presented in which a Gaussian pulse was generated by a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) and a MEP was produced through a Blumlein transmission line (BTL).

Keywords: Monocycle pulse, transmenbrane potential, electric intensity threshold, window effect, monocycle pulse generator.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2023. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of local seeded banana fruits

Preeti Jain¹*, Mahmood Hasan Bhuiyan¹, Khondker Rufaka Hossain¹ and Sitesh C. Bachar²

¹Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka- 1229, Bangladesh.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Accepted 10 August, 2022

Abstract

The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of different parts of local seeded banana fruit were investigated in vitro. Dried peels, pulps and seeds of the fruit were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Antibacterial property of the extracts was evaluated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion technique. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of both pulp and peel exhibited antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm. On the other hand, only ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed antibacterial activity and the zone of inhibition ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm; interestingly, none of the hexane extracts of the three banana parts exhibited zone of inhibition. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content determination and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) was found to be highest in ethyl acetate extract of banana seed (19.46 mg GAE/g extract) followed by the same extract of banana pulp (15.78 mg GAE/g extract) and peel (11.23 mg GAE/g extract). High free radical scavenging activity was observed with ethyl acetate extracts of banana seed, peel and pulp with an ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) value of 1238.33, 1011.43 and 588.03 mg AA/ 100 g extract, respectively.

Keywords: Seedy banana, antibacterial, antioxidant, phenolic content.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impairment of active avoidance learning and sensory motor reflexes in mice offspring induced by perinatal acute toxic exposure to selenium

Gada Al Basher¹, Hossam Ebaid^1,2, Jamaan Ajarem¹ and Gasem Abu-Taweel³

¹Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh – 11451.

²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, Egypt.

³Department of Biology, College of Education, Dammam University, P.O. 2375, Dammam - 31451, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 7 October, 2022

Abstract

Selenium is an essential element with a narrow margin between beneficial and toxic effects. The learning and sensory motor reflexes-changes were studied after the perinatal exposure of mice to acute toxic doses of sodium selenite. Atomic absorption as well as the behavioral observations were employed. Adult pregnant mice was assigned into three groups: the first group was remained as a control group; the second and the third groups were orally administrated sodium selenite at doses of 1 mg/Kg (1 ppm) and 4 mg/kg (4 ppm) of the diet, respectively started from the 7^th day of gestation to the 15^th day of birth. Results revealed that body weight gain came significantly lower in pups born to treated mothers than those of the control pups. The appearance of body hair and opening of eyes of the pups from treated mothers were delayed in a dose-dependent manner. Selenite also inhibited the sensory motor reflexes in all elements in a dose dependent manner. The active avoidance test indicated that selenite exposure was associated with learning impairment. Acetylcholine recorded a significant decrease in treated pups. Significant high concentrations of selenium in the brain, liver and kidney was detected, indicating active transfer of selenium from mothers during pregnancy and lactation periods.

Key words: Perinatal, sodium selenite, atomic absorption, acetylcholine, active avoidance test, sensory motor reflexes, mice.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2023. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of common daisy (Bellis perennis L.) aqueous extracts on anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory performance in Wistar albino rats

F. Pehlivan Karaka ¹*, A. Karaka ¹, H. Co kun² and A. Uçar Turker¹

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14280, Turkey.

²Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14280, Turkey.

Accepted 17 November, 2022

Abstract

The effects of aqueous extract of flowers from Bellis perennis on anxiety-like behavior and memory in Wistar rats were tested. Vehicle 20 and 60 mg kg ^-1 B. perennis groups were performed and the animals were tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests for anxiety-like behaviour and Morris water maze test for spatial memory. In the open field, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more time at the center, showed less mobility and velocity. In the elevated plus maze, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more time in the open arms, spent less time in the closed arms, were less mobile, were slower and rotated less frequently. In the Morris water maze, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more of the time to find the platform. In conclusion, B. perennis may produce biphasic effects on both anxiety-like behaviour and learning performance of the rats.

Key words: Bellis perennis, common daisy, anxiety, sedative, spatial memory.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 11 (8), pp. 001-009, August, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biodegradable methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (lactide) nanoparticles for controlled delivery of dacarbazine: Preparation, characterization and anticancer activity evaluation

Bao-yue Ding^1,2†, Wei Zhang^1,3†, Xin Wu¹, Xiang Wang¹, Wei fan¹, Shen Gao¹*, Jing Gao⁴, Lu-lu Ma⁴, Xue-ying Ding⁴ and Qiang Hao⁵

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.

²Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, PR China.

³Department of Pharmacy, No. 522 Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, PR China.

⁴Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.

⁵Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.

Accepted 10 May, 2022

Abstract

Dacarbazine (DTIC) loaded or blank methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (lactide) (MPEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by modified w/o/w double emulsion-solvent evaporation method through ultrasonic processor without any additional additives. The hemolytic test and cytotoxicity test of blank MPEG-PLA NPs demonstrated that the obtained drug delivery system is safety. Its particle size distribution, morphology, drug loading, drug release profile and anticancer activity in vitro were studied in detail. The small sized nanoparticles (NPs) with a particle size of 144.2±7.8 nm in diameter and drug encapsulation efficiency of 70.1±2.3% are easy to be dispersed in water and suitable for vascular administration. The drug release pattern was biphasic with a fast release rate followed by a slow one. The in vitro and in vivo study results demonstrated that compared with free DTIC, DTIC loaded MPEG-PLA NPs could induce more apoptosis of cancer cell and showed enhanced antitumor activity. The described DTIC loaded MPEG-PLA nanoparticle in this paper might be a novel potential formulation for metastatic melanoma therapy.

Key words: Malignant melanoma, dacarbazine, methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (lactide), double emulsion and solvent evaporation method, nanoparticles, anticancer activity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 11 (8), pp. 001-007, August, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro anti-HIV and immunomodulatory potentials of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) leaf extract

F. M. Awah^1,2*, P. N. Uzoegwu¹ and P. Ifeonu¹

¹Tropical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

²Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Madonna University, Elele Campus, Nigeria.

Accepted 10 May, 2021

Abstract

Azadirachta indica (neem) is attributed to have many ethnopharmacological properties and has been postulated to have a significant effect on CD4 counts in HIV/AIDS subjects, however, the precise anti-retroviral mechanism is not yet known. In this study, a hydroacetone extract of A. indica leaves was investigated for its anti-retroviral and immunomodulatory potentials. The effect of the neem leaf extract on acute HIV infectivity and fusion was measured by the syncytia formation assay on HIV-1-infected C8166 CD4+ cells. The inhibitory effect of the extract on reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase activity and HIV p24 antigen expression were evaluated in the culture supernatant. The extract was also assessed for its ability to decrease the phenotypic expression of the immune activation markers CD38 and CD69. Results from a syncytium formation assay indicated that the extract blocked HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion. The extract inhibited HIV-1 replication in C8166 CD4+ cells in vitro by inhibiting the biochemical activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the result being a subsequent decrease in HIV p24 antigen concentration. In the effective dose range, no cytotoxicity was detected on uninfected target cells. Ex vivo the extract exhibited a dose dependent reduction in the levels of the immune activation marker CD38 and CD69 on phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The observed anti-HIV activity and immunomodulatory potentials of the extract shows that neem could impart health benefits to HIV/AIDS patients possibly by acting as fusion or reverse transcriptase inhibitors and also down-regulate hyperimmune activation.

Key words: Anti-HIV activity, immunomodulatory activity, Azadirachta indica.