International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-010, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chemical composition and immunological activities of polysaccharides isolated from the malian medicinal plant Syzygium guineense

Parakashtha Ghildyal ^1,2, Tom Erik Grønhaug¹, Anders Rusten¹, Mona Skogsrud¹, Bent Rolstad², Drissa Diallo³, Terje Einar Michaelsen^1,4, Marit Inngjerdingen⁵* and Berit Smestad Paulsen¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.

²Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.

³Département de Médecine Traditionnelle, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, BP 1746, Bamako, Mali.

⁴The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.

⁵Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.

Accepted 20 August, 2020

Abstract

In Mali and other West African countries, the leaves of the tree Syzygium guineense are utilized in the traditional medicine against various ailments such as wound healing, ulcers, diarrhoea, rheumatism and infections. The immune modulating activity may in part be conferred by pectic polysaccharides, which is a major constituent of the plant cell wall. Previous studies on pectic polysaccharides from the leaves of Malian medicinal trees have shown that they posses several immunological activities. In the present study, we have isolated and characterised two immunologically active polysaccharide fractions from the leaves of S. guineense. One of the fractions contained an arabinogalactan type II polysaccharide, called Sg50A1, while the other polysaccharide fraction was a mixture of oligosaccharides of the pectic type, called Sg50A2. Both polysaccharides had high complement fixing ability, as well as the ability to stimulate nitric oxide release from macrophages, up-regulation of CD86 on dendritic cells, and proliferation of B cells. Sg50A1 and Sg50A2 also stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from both B cells and dendritic cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the presence of arabinogalactan structures within the polysaccharides is important for immunological activity and that plant-derived polysaccharides may be able to influence inflammatory processes.

Key words: Pectic polysaccharides, arabinogalactan, Syzygium guineense, immunomodulation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analyses of antisickling potency of Carica papaya dried leaf extract and fractions

Ngozi Awa Imaga* and Olusegun A. Adepoju

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P. M. B.12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.

Accepted 23 October, 2020

Abstract

Carica papaya dried leaves have been indicated in sickle cell anemia management by local indigenous folk and in recent scientific research. In this research, dried C. papaya leaves were extracted using the soxhlet extraction method with 5 different solvents to give five different fractions namely hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. This research examined the crude extract and the various leaf extract fractions of C. papaya L. (Caricaceae) for possible in vitro antisickling activities on Hb^ss red blood cells obtained from non-crisis state sickle cell patients involving the use of positive (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 5 µg /ml) and negative (normal saline) controls for the antisickling experiments. Pretreatment of SS cell suspensions with C. papaya leaf extract and fractions all inhibited formation of sickle cells under severe hypoxia at varying degrees, with only 0 - 5% sickle cells in the crude extract at 60 min compared with untreated SS cell suspensions which had over 80% sickle cells. Analysis of two different concentrations of C. papaya crude extract (10 and 5 mg/ml) showed the 10 mg/ml extract as the concentration with highest antisickling effect. Butanol extract showed the highest antisickling activity at 10 mg/ml concentration, while the ethyl acetate extract had the highest antisickling activity at 5 mg/ml concentration. These results further indicate the possibility of C. papaya leaf extract as potential phytotherapy for sickle cell anemia.

Key words: Antisickling, sickle cell disorder, C. papaya, fractionation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro assessments of antibacterial potential of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. gum extract

Kalpesh B. Ishnava, Yogesh N. Mahida and J. S. S. Mohan*

Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Gujarat, India.

Accepted 11 October, 2020

Abstract

The potential antibacterial efficacy of guggul gum was checked against six Gram- positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion and two fold serial broth dilution methods. Gram-positive bacterial strains were found to be the most susceptible organisms compare to Gram-negative towards guggul gum extract once. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) noticed in concentration range of 0.5 - 2 mg/ml. The bioautography was performed to localize active compound present in crude as well as eluted fraction. Compound 5(1-methyl, 1-amino ethyl)-5- methyl-2-octanone, identified which possessed antibacterial activity by various spectrometric method. The extract of guggul gum possesses significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Key words: Commiphora wightii, guggul gum, antibacterial activity, bioautography, 5(1- methyl, 1-amino ethyl)-5-methyl-2-octanone.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial properties of protein extracts from wild mushroom fungi and native plant species against hospital pathogens

Michael Hearst^1,2, David Nelson³, Graham McCollum³, Linda M. Ballard⁴, B. Cherie Millar³, Sara Moore^5, Stephen McClean^5, John E. Moore^3,5 and Juluri R. Rao^1,5*

¹Applied Plant Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5PX.

²Grosvenor Grammar School, Cameronian Drive, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT5 6AX.

³Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7AD.

⁴Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Holywood, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, BT18 0EU.

⁵School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA.

Accepted 08 November, 2020

Abstract

Protein extracts of either native or exotic rare mushroom fungi and plants that are normally known for novel therapeutics including immune modulation were investigated for their potential antimicrobial effects. Data obtained using the Kirby-Bauer’s disc-diffusion assay methods showed that a number of locally sourced wild mushroom fungi (e.g. Ganoderma resinaceum, Russula fragilis and Inocybe grammata) had proteins with inherent antimicrobial properties against a number of typical hospital pathogens. The wild type fungus Mycena pura exhibited strong antagonism against Escherichia coli, an organism often commonly associated with nosocomial infections both locally and worldwide. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of protein extracts revealed unique protein banding patterns for the exotic fungal species and possessed significant inhibitory effects against a range of nosocomial pathogens including MRSA, Salmonella, Candida and Aspergillus species. This small-scale study revealed the occurrence of wild fungal peptides of potential therapeutic significance and antimicrobial potential for exploitation in complementary therapies in clinical and veterinary medicine.

Key words:  Exotic fungi and medicinal plants, antibacterial activity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (11), pp. 001-005, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals