ISSN 2326-7267
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of aqueous extract of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino Wister rats
E. M. Arhoghro1, K. E. Ekpo2 and G. O. Ibeh3
1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
2Department of Biochemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
3Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Accepted 03 September, 2012
Abstract
The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated in rat models of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) . Treatment of separate groups of rats with 2.5 ml/kg body weight of 5, 10 and 15% aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum for 3 weeks after establishment of CCl4 induced liver damage, resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) less hepatotoxicity than with CCl4 alone, as measured by serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. For serum alanine aminotransferase, activity decreased from 68.95 ± 21.38 U/l to 35.77 ± 1.48 U/l, while for aspartate aminotransferase, activity level decreased from 165.65 ± 17.75 to 110.10 ± 3.05 U/l and for alkaline phosphatase, activity level decreased from 364.65 ± 37.75 to 212.74 ± 15.27 U/l. The reduction though not statistically significant (p < 0.05) was dose dependent. Histopathological findings also suggest that treatment with aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum after establishment of CCl4-induced liver damage significantly reduced and even reversed the liver damage in the rats. The results of the study indicate that O. gratissimum might be an effective plant hepatoprotector in the diet of patients with hepatopathies.
Key words: Aqueous extract, Ocimum gratissimum, hepatoprotector, hepatotoxicity, carbon tetrachloride.
K. E. Ekpo and G. O. Ibeh, E. M. Arhoghro
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 1 (1) pp. 008-011, October, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Synthesis and biological properties of Enantiomers of 1-Allyl-4-Hydroxy-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-Oxo-1,2-Dihydroquinoline-3-Carboxylic Acid (1-Ethylpyrrolidin-2-Ylmethyl)-Amide Hydrochloride
Igor V. Ukrainets1,*, Olga V. Gorokhova1, Nidal Amin Jaradat2, Ludmila V. Sidorenko1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine.
2Department of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Received 03 August, 2012; Accepted 14 October, 2012
Abstract
Being guided by the methodological principles of "chiral switches", the synthesis of S- and R-enantiomers of 1-allyl-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-amide hydrochloride has been carried out. According to the results of the biological research, it has been found that the ability of the optical isomers obtained to block opioid receptors remains at the racemate level. It is important for future research conclusion – the asymmetrical carbon atom in these compounds is not the site of binding with the target receptor.
Key words: amidation, 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides, opioid receptors antagonists, "chiral switch"
Ukrainets IV, Gorokhova OV, Jaradat NA and Sidorenko LV
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 1 (1) pp. 001-007, October, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Quality of brands of atorvastatin calcium tablets marketed in Lagos, Nigeria
Moshood O. Akinleye1, Oladipo Idris2*, Patricia N. Nwachukwu1 and Olubukola O. Oyetunde3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
2Department of Family Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.
3Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Received 08 September, 2012; Accepted 03 October, 2012
Abstract
This study investigated the quality of atorvastatin calcium tablets marketed in Lagos, Nigeria, by evaluating and comparing their physico-chemical profiles. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters viz: uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and disintegration test was carried out according to British Pharmacopoeia. Assay of active ingredient and in-vitro dissolution evaluation were conducted using USP Apparatus 2 satisfying the general conditions for film tablets as stipulated in official books. Tablets and dissolution samples were analyzed using a modification of the validated High performance liquid chromatographic method developed by Stanisz and Lukas. All the three brands met the standards for the physical qualities of a satisfactory tablet, and all had percentage purities within the 90 to 110% range. Only brands AT and CT had released ≥75% of label claim of atorvastatin calcium within 45 min, as specified in the B.P for conventional tablets. Thus, brand BT which had barely released 70% of its label claim at 60 min failed dissolution test. We concluded that out of the 3 brands of immediate-release atorvastatin calcium tablets available in the market at the time of the study, only 2 passed all the pharmacopoeia tests for satisfactory quality. Thus, only these can be interchanged in clinical practice.
Key words: Atorvastatin, in-vitro bioequivalence, switch ability, quality, safety.
Nwachukwu PN and Oyetunde OO, Akinleye MO, Idris O
Page: 1 - 7
Short Communication
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 001-002, October, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Neutral components in the leaves and seeds of Syzygium cumini
A. Kumar1, 2*, T. Jayachandran1, 2, P. Aravindhan1, 2, D. Deecaraman1, 2, R. Ilavarasan3 and N. Padmanabhan1, 2
1Dr. M. G. R. University, Chennai-95, India
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. M. G .R. University, Maduravoyal, Chennai-600 095, India.
3Assistant Director, CSMDRIAS, Chennai-109, India.
Accepted 21 July, 2012
Abstract
The Syzygium cumini has medicinal importance as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcergenic. The major components of the leaves and seeds have the acid, neutral and phenolic fractions. In this study, the neutral fraction components which form the bulk is studied in detail and results were presented. The neutral components of the leaves and seeds have been studied by gas-chromatography. A total of 13 and 42 compounds were identified in the leaves and seeds respectively. The main compounds in the leaf extract were heptacosane, nonacosane, octacosane, tricontane, octadecane and in the seed extract, 4-(2-2-dimethyl-6-6-methylenecyclohexyl) butanol, decahydro-8a-ethyl-1,1,4a,6-tetramethylnaphalene, octadecane, 1-chlorooctadecane and tetratetracontane were identified. The major compound in the leaves was octadecane and in the seed 1-chlorooctadecane.
Key words: Syzygium cumini, octadecane, nonacosane.
T. Jayachandran, P. Aravindhan, A. Kumar*, R. Ilavarasan and N. Padmanabhan, D. Deecaraman
Page: 1 - 2
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Haemolytic effects and changes in serum enzymes in normal rats exposed to halofantrine hydrochloride overdose
Nwangwu Spencer1*, Adeyekun Felix1, Uhunmwangho S. Esosa1, Madu Michael2, Ofusori David3, Nwangwu Udoka4, Njoya Helen1 and J. Josiah Sunday1
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, P. M. B. 0006, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.
2Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.
3Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Accepted 22 July, 2012
Abstract
The levels of serum enzymes and haemolytic effects of overdose of halofantrine hydrochloride were determined in adult male rats. The animals were grouped into four groups and were orally administered halofantine hydrochloride in normal saline: 0 mg/kg (control), 4 mg/kg (under-dose), 8 mg/kg (normal dose) and 16 mg/kg (overdose) in three repeated doses at 6 h interval. The changes in serum enzyme levels were determined by monitoring the levels alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum albumin. The haemolytic effect of the drug was monitored by the changes in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. There were significant increases in the ALT, AST and ALP levels in both the normal dose and overdose when compared with the control. The reduction in total serum albumin in normal dose and overdose was also significant (p < 0.05). The result also revealed a significant decrease in PCV and increase in total and direct bilrubin (p < 0.05) in the overdose groups. The result is indicative of the hepatotoxicity and haemotoxicity of halofantrine hydrochloride in normal dose and overdose conditions.
Key words: Halofantrine hydrochloride, haemotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, serum enzymes.
Adeyekun Felix, Nwangwu Udoka, Njoya Helen and J. Josiah Sunday, Madu Michael, Uhunmwangho S. Esosa, Ofusori David, Nwangwu Spencer*
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 001-009, October, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimetastatic and antiproliferative activity of methanolic fraction of Jatropha curcas against B16F10 melanoma induced lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice
R. Balaji1*, N. Rekha1, M. Deecaraman1 and L. Manikandan2
1Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M. G. R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai-600095, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata- 700032, India.
Accepted 24 May, 2012
Abstract
The methanolic fraction of Jatropha curcas was studied for its anti-metastatic activity using B16F10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction at doses 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the metastatic colony formation of the melanoma in lungs by 47.54 and 69.52% respectively, with increase in the survival rate of the metastatic tumour bearing animals, as compared to the untreated control animals. Lung collagen hydroxyproline content was highly elevated in the control animals, which was reduced by the simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction at the tested dose levels. The level of lung hexosamines and uronic acid content was also elevated in the control animals. Administration of methanolic fraction of J. curcas at tested dose levels 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o significantly reduced the elevated level of hexosamine and uronic acid content, when compared to that of vehicle treated control animals. Levels of serum sialic acids and g-glutamyltranspeptidase that are markers of neoplastic proliferation were also reduced in the methanolic fraction treated animals as compared to the higher levels in the control animals. Histopathological analysis of the lung tissues also correlated with these findings. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanolic fraction of J. curcas on B16F10 melanoma cells was studied using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Thiazolyl blue) assay and the IC50 was found to be 24.8 µg/ml. Thus, simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction of J. curcas at the tested dose levels were effective in inhibiting the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells and possessed significant anti-metastatic and antiprolifertaive activity.
Key words: Jatropha curcas, B16F10 melanoma cells, metastasis, antiprolifertive.
M. Deecaraman and L. Manikandan, N. Rekha, R. Balaji*
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