International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatoprotective action of Morus alba (Linn.) leaves extract against carbon tetrachloride incited hepatotoxicity in rats

*Shankar Salman, Khan V. Bachchan and Swami V. singh

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.

Accepted 04 October, 2018

Abstract

The aim of the study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity. Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity using Standard drug Liv-52. Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin.) and histological (damage to hepatocytes) using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl4 in the liver. The present study shows that the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity. Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective, leaves extracts of Morus alba Linn. 

Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective, leaves extracts of Morus alba Linn.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Mikania cordata (Asteraceae) leaves

*Mujibur Abed, Rahman E. Shakib and Khan Ahmed

Department of Pharmacy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Accepted 21 September, 2018

Abstract

The ethanol extract of the dried leaves of Mikania cordata (Family-Asteraceae) was investigated for its possible bioactive chemical groups and antinociceptive, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities in animal models. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight (p<0.001) comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. The crude extract produced the moderate cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp Artemia salina (LC₅₀=90 and LC₉₀=166 µg/ml). The extract showed antibacterial activity against some types of microorganisms upon which the extract was employed. The obtained results provide a support for the use of this plant in traditional medicine and its further investigation.

Key words: Antimicrobial, antinociceptive, asteraceae, cytotoxic, Mikania cordata.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Phytochemical outlining of phytoconstituents of grape, Jatropha curcas and Neem extracts

*Moshood Musa, Ibrahim Mohammed and Murutala Achebe

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 September, 2018

Abstract

This study investigated the phytoconstituents in Neem (seed and flower), Jatropha curcas (stem and root bark) and grape (stem bark and leaves) in some selected solvents. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compound saponin in all the parts of the three plants in water extract only. Saponin was absent in other solvents used (ethanol, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol, methanol, n-butanol and acetone). Ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids in both the seed and flower of Neem plant. Acetone and ethanol were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids in the stem bark of J. curcas. In the root bark of J. curcas, acetone and ethyl acetate were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids. In grape (Citrus paradisi) leaves, ethanol, water and acetone were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids. In the stem bark of grape, water, ethyl acetate and acetone proved promising as extraction solvents for flavonoids. All the parts of the plants studied were positive for alkaloid in ethanol and acetone extracts. The seed extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) was strongly positive in ethanol only. Terpenoids were detected in ethyl acetate and n-butanol in all the parts of the three plants. Aged flower extract of Neem plant with pale pink colour could be exploited as a novel source of colourant. Volatile oil was not restricted to J. curcas stem and root barks, it was also present in C. paradisi stem and root barks. The nutritional significance, economic and toxicological implications of phytoconstituents analysed in the plants were discussed.

Key words: Phytomedicine, bioactive compounds, natural product, drug discovery, preventive medicine.

 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (2), pp. 001-003, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Editorial

Quality use of antidepressants: how Pharmacists can play their part

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of prescription pattern in Osun State (Southwest) Nigeria

Babalola C. P.¹*, Awoleye S. A.², Akinyemi J. O.³ and Kotila O. A.¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharamcy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 21 October, 2018

Abstract

Drug therapy is the most commonly used method of any disease treatment in general practice. However, the patterns of drug prescription are often inappropriate and the need for registration of these patterns is essential in an effort to improve prescription standards. Retrospective analysis of prescriptions written by various cadres in primary health care department with emphasis on primary health care centers, dispensaries and health posts in four randomly selected local government areas were collected over a period of one year (March 2006 to February 2007). Data was collected using a standardized WHO instrument for studies of rational drug use. The average number of drugs per encounter was 6.11 with 69.81% drugs prescribed by generic names. The use of antibiotics (50.10% of encounters) and injections (72.70% of encounters) was relatively high. About ninety four percent(94%) of drugs prescribed were from the essential drugs list. It is obvious that poly pharmacy is high at the grassroots level coupled with shortage of high skilled manpower. The use of antibiotics and injections is also very high. Recruitment of skilled personnel and continuing educational programs for primary health care workers is recommended.

Key words: Prescription pattern, injections, antibiotics, primary health care.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (1), pp. 001-013, January, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Psychosocial survey on erectile dysfunction among diabetic and non-diabetic attributes, Penang, Malaysia

Syed Wasif Gillani¹*, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman¹, Yaseen Khalid¹, Yelly Oktavia Sari^2,3, Mirza Baig⁴ and Atif Amin⁵

¹School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

²Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia,

³Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.

⁴Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aimst University, Kedah, Malaysia.

⁵ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.

Accepted 24 October, 2018

Abstract

Sex is a natural and basic drive of human beings. In Malaysia, erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem, affecting 16 to 47% of men above 40 years old. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of diabetics, with prevalence ranging between 27 and 75%. Knowledge and perception are essential precursors of ED related quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, to produce the preliminary information to compare the knowledge and the perception of diabetic and non diabetic population towards sexual activity and the effect of ED on quality of life. Population based survey includes the entire male respondent in the community with age of 18 years and above. Investigator personally approached the respondents and asked them to complete self administered and anonymous pre-validated questionnaire. Statistical package for social sciences (version 15®) was used to analyze the data by adopting chi-square, univariate and multivariate analysis, ANOVA, T-test techniques, respectively. Data was collected from 1700 males aged between 20 years and above with response rate of 88.35%. The mean total knowledge score obtained by diabetics was significantly (p<0.001) higher (63.7% of the maximum possible total knowledge score) than non-diabetics score (53.8 %). Diabetics scored significantly (p=0.021) lower, regarding perception towards sexual activity (65.1%) than non diabetics (70%), also, diabetics scored non significantly higher scores regarding perception towards effect of ED on quality of life (61.3%) compared with non diabetics (59.7%). Mean score of total knowledge of non-diabetics was 10.23 ± 4.73 (that is, 53.8%) with maximum possible score of 19, while mean score of total perception of non-diabetics was 34.08 ± 5.51 (that is, 63.1%) with maximum possible score of 54. There was significant association between diabetics using medicine for ED (p<0.001). Viagra^® (Seldenafil) was the most commonly used medicine between diabetics and non diabetics. It was concluded that although diabetics patients are more knowledgeable regarding ED, they have lower perception towards sexual activity and less satisfaction with their sexual life. Their perception regarding the effect of ED on their quality of life is more than that of non-diabetics.

Key words: Diabetics mellitus, perception and quality of life, erectile dysfunction, erectile and diabetics, diabetics and quality of life, erectile dysfunction treatment.