ISSN 2326-7267
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Anti-athletic fatigue activity of saponins (Ginsenosides) from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)
Keji Tang1*, Ruixin Nie2, Longjun Jing3, 4 and Quansheng Chen5
1Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong Province, 253023, People’s Republic of China.
2Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan Province 653100, People’s Republic of China.
3Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan Province, 655011, People’s Republic of China.
4Beijing Sport University Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China.
5HuangGang Polytechnic College, HuangGang, Hubei Province, 438002, People’s Republic of China.
Accepted 21 November, 2011
Abstract
To study the anti- athletic fatigue effects of saponins from American ginseng (SAG), male Kunming mice were randomized into 4 groups equally based on body weight after one week adoption, and they are: C group (control mice given distilled water for 14 days), LS group (mice treated SAG with 50 mg/kg for 14 days), MS group (mice treated SAG with 100 mg/kg for 14 days) and HS group (mice treated SAG with 200 mg/kg for 14 days). The C group was given distilled water and LS, MS; HS groups were given various doses of SAG (50, 100, 200mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. The levels of lactate, serum urea nitrogen, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, the swimming endurance time and body weight were determined before and after swimming test. Different doses of SAG significantly lengthened the swimming endurance time and increased the levels of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen, while reducing the levels of lactate significantly compared with control group, especially in the MS group. Our data demonstrated SAG has noticeable anti-athletic fatigue effect on mice. These effects were dose-dependent, and the strongest effect on most biomarkers was seen with 100 mg/kg dose.
Key words: Saponins, American ginseng, anti-athletic fatigue activity.
Ruixin Nie, Keji Tang*, Longjun Jing and Quansheng Chen
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of the leaves of Helichrysum longifolium in combination with selected antibiotics
O. A. Aiyegoro1, A. J. Afolayan2 and A. I. Okoh1*
1Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Private Bag X1314, South Africa.
2Phytomedicine Group, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Private Bag X1314, South Africa.
Accepted 26 September, 2011
Abstract
This study has been done to evaluate the interactions between acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Helichrysum longifolium in combination with six first-line antibiotics comprising of Penicillin G sodium, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin using both the time-kill and the chequerboard methods and against a panel of bacterial isolates comprised of referenced, clinical and environmental strains. The time-kill method revealed the highest bactericidal activity exemplified by a 6.7 Log 10 reduction in cell density against Salmonella spp. when the extract and Penicillin G are combined at ½ × MIC. Synergistic response constituted about 65%, while indifference and antagonism constituted about 28.33% and 6.67% in the time kill assay, respectively. The chequerboard method also revealed that the extracts improved bactericidal effects of the antibiotics. About 61.67% of all the interactions were synergistic, while indifference interactions constituted about 26.67% and antagonistic interactions was observed in approximately 11.66%. These suggest that the crude extracts of the leaves of H. longifolium could be potential source of broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modifying compounds.
Key words: Synergism, antibiotics, extracts, chequerboard, time-kill.
O. A. Aiyegoro, A. J. Afolayan and A. I. Okoh*
Page: 1 - 8
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 001-012, February, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Perceptions of oncologists at two state hospitals in Gauteng regarding the ototoxic effects of cancer chemotherapy: A pilot study
Victor de Andrade*, Katijah Khoza-Shangase* and Fatima Hajat*
Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Accepted 10 December, 2011
Abstract
This project sought to obtain information regarding the perceptions of oncologists with regards to the ototoxic effects of cancer chemotherapy. Ten oncologists from 2 public hospitals in Gauteng participated in this project. Data were collected from self- administered questionnaires completed by participants. Using a qualitative and quantitative paradigm, data analysis utilized content analysis and descriptive statistics. Only 50% of the participants reported referring patients for audiological management during the chemotherapeutic process. None of the respondents reported having protocols in place for ototoxicity monitoring. Therefore, it appears as though ototoxicity and the role of the audiologist are not fully realized within the sample in the current study. Furthermore, it would seem as though oncologists need to be aware of ototoxicity; the role of the audiologist; and the need to include an audiologist in the oncology team. Results from the current study highlight the need for establishment and implementation of protocols and ototoxicity monitoring programmes in government hospitals in Gauteng.
Key words: South Africa, cancer, chemotherapy, ototoxicity, sensory neural hearing loss.
Victor de Andrade*, Katijah Khoza-Shangase* and Fatima Hajat*
Page: 1 - 12
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Isolation, characterization and antibacterial activity of alkaloid from Datura metel Linn leaves
Donatus Ebere Okwu* and Ephraim Chintua Igara
Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike P.M.B. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
Accepted 16 November, 2011
Abstract
A new antibacterial agent 51, 71 dimethyl 61– hydroxy 31, phenyl 3 a - amine b - yne sitosterol 1 has been isolated from Datura metel leaves. The structure of 1 was established using 13C, 1H NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic data. Compound 1 displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabis, Solmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia but could not inhibit Escherichia coli. This result supported the use of Datura metel in phytomedicine for the treatment of asthma, cough, burns and healing of wounds in Nigeria.
Key words: Datura metel, sterol alkaloid, antibacterial agent, phytomedicine.
Ephraim Chintua Igara, Donatus Ebere Okwu*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The anti-inflammatory potential, heamatological and histological changes induced in rats due to the administration of methanolic extracts of Ficus thonningii leaves
Coker, M. E.1, Emikpe, B. O.2*, Adeniyi, B. A.1 and Budale, B. A.2
1Departments of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Accepted 22 September, 2011
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential, heamatological and histological changes induced in rats due to the administration of methanolic extracts of Ficus thonningii leaves. Fifteen wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 5 rats per group to measure the anti-inflammatory activity using the inhibition of carageenan-induced oedema. For the acute oral toxicity test, twenty mice divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each were used. The doses of the extract given were 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 g/kg body weight while the control group was given an equivalent volume of 2.5% v/v propylene glycol. The blood samples were collected for haematology before, mid-way and after 21 days. The body weights were also noted. Student “t”-test was used to determine the degree of significance between the treatment groups. The liver, kidney, spleen, ovary, uteri and lungs the animals were examined for histopathological changes. The extract of F. thonningii has anti-inflammatory properties that are comparable to aspirin and are significant (P<0.05) to Tween 80. There were no significant haematological and visible tissue pathological changes in the treated groups. F. thonningii appeared to be safe and can be recommended as a good source of feed for animals during dry season.
Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Ficus thonningii, heamatological and histological changes, rats.
Coker , B. A and Budale, Adeniyi , B. A, M. E, B. O*, Emikpe
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2012. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Isolation, characterzation and compaction properties of Afzelia africana gum exudates in hydrochlorothiazide tablet formulations
Emeje Martins1*, Ihimekpen Omoyeme1, Isimi Christiana1, Sabinus Ofoefule2 and Kunle Olobayo1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) Idu, P. M. B. 21 Garki - Abuja, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria.
Accepted 02 December, 2011
Abstract
Afzelia gum was obtained from the bark exudates of Afzelia africana plant, characterized and evaluated for its compaction properties in hydrochlorothiazide tablet formulations. Compressional properties of the formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel equation as assessment parameter. Formulations containing Afzelia gum as a binder show a slower onset and lower extent of plastic deformation than those containing the 2 standard binders, tragacanth and gelatin. While retative density Db values for formulations containing tragacanth and gelatin generally increased with increased concentration up to 3% w/w, those containing Afzelia gum were at variant with the binder concentrations. Formulations containing Afzelia gum were also found to exhibit higher degree of packing than those containing tragacanth and gelatin. Yield values for formulations containing Afzelia gum was also found to be at variant with the binder concentration. The values decreased between 1 and 3% w/w and increased at 4% before decreasing again at 5% w/w. Afzelia gum improved the fluidity of hydrochlorothiazide granulation better than tragacanth and gelatin. This study suggests that Afzelia gum has good physicochemical properties that would make it a useful binder in hydrochlorothiazide tablet formulations.
Key words: Afzelia gum, tragacanth, gelatin, hydrochlorothiazide, Heckel equation, compaction characteristics.
Ihimekpen Omoyeme, Isimi Christiana, Emeje Martins*, Sabinus Ofoefule and Kunle Olobayo
Page: 1 - 8