ISSN 2326-7267
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Does alcohol consumption increase the risk of severe adverse events to ivermectin treatment?
Takougang I.1*, Ngogang J.2, Sihom F. 1, Ntep M.3, Kamgno J.3, Eyamba A.4, Zouré H.5, Noma M.5 and Amazigo U. V.5
1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé 1, P. O. Box 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
2Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P. O. Box 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
3National Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
4Carter Center/Global 2000, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
5African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, BP 155 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Accepted 09 December, 2010
Abstract
The present investigation is a case-control study designed to assess the level of association between alcohol consumption and the occurrence of severe adverse reaction (SAE) following ivermectin consumption. Thirty-six (36) cases of SAE occurred in the health districts of Bankim, Nanga Eboko, Obala, Okola and Sa’a. Case and control (43) individuals were submitted to a questionnaire related to their alcohol consumption 24 before and 24 to 48 h following ivermectin intake. An in-depth interview of siblings and local health worker was conducted to assess alcohol consumption around Mectizan intake. The degree of alcohol use was assessed using the level of serum transaminases and the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT). The alcoholic beverages of the study communities were conventional such as beer, whisky, or locally made. Locally produced beverages included “arki” (“Odontol”, “Hah”, ...) and palm wine. The bark, sap or fruit of plants adjuvant are known to contain alkaloids and tannins which are potent neurotropic substances. The likelihood of developing SAE among cases and controls did not differ significantly with history of consumption of alcoholic beverages. Nor did it differ for other indicators of chronic alcohol consumption.
Key words: Alcohol consumption, onchocerciasis, audit, serious adverse events, encephalopathy.
Ngogang J, Sihom F, Zouré H, Noma M and Amazigo U. V, Ntep M, Eyamba A, Takougang I*, Kamgno J
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Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Lysine vasopressin blocks the effect of chlorodiazepoxide in behavioral tests
Edvaldo Rodrigues de Almeida
Laboratory of Evaluation of Psychobioactive Drugs and Toxicology, of the Antibiotic Department of Federal University of Pernambuco–University Campus, Recife–PE, Brazil, CEP 50670- 901. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel/Fax: + 55 81 21268346.
Accepted 22 September, 2010
Abstract
The aim of the study presented here was to determine the influence of subcutaneously administered lysine-vasopressin (LVP, 1 U/kg, s.c.), chlorodiazepoxide (BDZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and vehicle (veh, chlorobutanol + saline (0.85%) + Tween 80, 0.1 mL/100 g) administered through the peritoneum on anxiety-related- behavior using the Vogel conflict test, the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and the marble-burying test. The results of the Vogel test referring to the number of shocks received by rats after administration of vehicle + BDZ was highly significant (p < 0.01), that is, the animals did not show any inhibition during the phase of shock. However, when LVP + BDZ were used the data obtained showed that there was a significant inhibition of BDZ action on the number of shocks received (p > 0.05). In the second phase of the test the veh + BDZ group received a significant number of shocks, benzodiazepine effect and the group receiving LVP + BDZ showed the same result as the vehicle + LVP group (p > 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the group of mice treated with veh + BDZ showed no significant change in their behavior, that is, number of entries and time spent on the open arm was not inhibited (p < 0.01). Already the veh + LVP group has shown inhibition in the number of entries and the time spent on the open arm (p > 0.05). The same result was obtained when the LVP + BDZ group was used in the EPM. In the marble-burying test, the number of marbles hidden was significantly higher in mice treated with the veh + BDZ (p < 0.01). The group treated with veh + LVP presented a small number of hidden spheres (p > 0.05). The data obtained in this study show that LVP in behavioral tests related to anxieties presents an inhibitory action on the BDZ, and the LVP alone does not present any significant effect when compared with the veh (p > 0.05). Veh is the shortened form of vehicle which is the chemical element (solvent) used for dilution of the compound test.
Key word: lysine-vasopressin, chlorodiazepoxide, behavioral tests, rodents.
Edvaldo Rodrigues de Almeida
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Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 001-011, Fbruary, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Current status of salt iodization and level of iodine nutrient in India
Umesh Kapil
Department of Public, Oman Medical College, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman, India. E- mail: [email protected].
Accepted 13 November, 2010
Abstract
In India, Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are present throughout the country. Out of 282 districts surveyed by Government of India institutions like Indian Council of Medical Research and Central Goiter Survey Teams in different States and Union Territories, 241 have been found to be endemic for iodine deficiency disorders. Issues relating to the safety of Universal Salt Iodization were carefully examined by eminent Scientists, Programme Managers and Administrators and based on hard scientific evidences, the Government of India implemented a policy decision, in 1984, for Universal Salt Iodization (USI ) that is, all edible salt in the country should be fortified with iodine. This became the mandate for the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme. The present research communication reviews the history of iodine deficiency disorders, progress of achieved under USI, safety of iodized salt and impact of this intervention on the iodine status of Indian population.
Keywords: Iodine, Goitre, Urinary Iodine Excretion
Umesh Kapil
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Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Citalopram in the treatment of depressive disorders: An open label, multicenter study in China
Tianmei Si and Liang Shu
Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100083, China.
Accepted 10 November, 2010
Abstract
Results of randomized, placebo- controlled trials with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram suggest that this agent is safe and effective for the treatment of depressive disorders. We investigated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of Chinese patients with depressive disorders. An 8-week, open-label, multicenter study evaluated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorder or depressive episode of bipolar disorder. Efficacy measures included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). A total of 6080 patients (2553 men, 3527 women) (mean age 40.9 ± 15.6 years, range 18 – 92) participated in the study. Mean HAMD scores decreased significantly (p<0.001) after 2 weeks of treatment and at all subsequent study visits. Endpoint analyses showed that 89.9% of the patients demonstrated a clinical response, defined as a 50% reduction in HAMD scores. The mean daily dose of citalopram at endpoint was 23.65 mg. Nausea (7.6%), headache (3.7%) and dry mouth (2.9%) were the most frequently reported adverse events. Patients with bipolar depression and comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) received a higher mean daily dose (26.4 and 27.7 mg, respectively), while patients with comorbid physical disorders received a lower dose (21.9 mg) than patients with simple depressive disorder. The results of this 8-week open-label study suggest that citalopram is safe and effective in the treatment of depression in Chinese patients. Limitations is an open-label and uncontrolled.
Key words: Antidepressant, citalopram, depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Tianmei Si, Liang Shu
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Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Performance of starch obtained from Dioscorea dumetorium as disintegrant in sodium salicylate tablets
Ibezim, Emmanuel C.1, Ofoefule, Sabinus I2, Omeje, Edwin O3* and Odo, U. E.4
1Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmaceutical, Technology and industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
3Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
4Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Accepted 11 November, 2010
Abstract
Starch obtained from Dioscorea dumetorium was employed as a disintegrant in Sodium Salicylate based tablets at concentrations of 5 –15 %w/w. Properties of the starch evaluated include: bulk and tapped densities, water uptake by capillarity, Hausner’s quotient and percent compressibility. Compound tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate. Batches of tablets containing equivalent concentrations of AC-di-sol or maize starch were employed as standards. Results obtained indicate that Dioscorea dumetorium starch performed as much better as a disintegrant in sodium salicylate tablets as maize starch but less than Ac-di-sol.
Key words: Disintegrant, starch, Dioscorea dumetorium, sodium salicylate.
Ibezim , U. E, Edwin O* and Odo, Omeje , Emmanuel C, Ofoefule , Sabinus I
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice
1E. Ngo Bum1, GT Ngoupaye2, E. Talla3, T Dimo2, G. C. N Nkantchoua2, M. M Pelanken2 and G. S. Taiwe2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
2Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Accepted 10 November, 2010
Abstract
Cissus quadrangularis Linn grows in Savannah areas in Africa (Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, etc). In traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat anorexia, asthma, sickle cells, colds, pains, malaria, asthma and as an analgesic. In vivo animal models of epilepsy (maximal electroshock, n-methyl -d-aspartate, pentylenetetrazol, isonicotinic hydrazid acid and strychnine -induced convulsions or turning behavior) and insomnia (diazepam -induced sleep) were used. The aqueous extract of the stems of C. quadrangularis strongly increased the total sleep time induced by diazepam (50 mg/kg i.p.). It also protected mice against maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and n-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizures or turning behavior and delayed the onset time of seizures induced by isonicotinic hydrazid acid. The results lead to the conclusion that the extract of C. quadrangularis possesses anticonvulsant and sedative properties in mice and could explain its use in traditional medicine in Africa, in the treatment of insomnia and epilepsy.
Key words: Traditional medicine, plant, extract, seizures, Cissus quadrangularis.
G. C. N Nkantchoua, T Dimo, GT Ngoupaye, M. M Pelanken and G. S. Taiwe, E. Ngo Bum, E. Talla
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