International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Quality assessment of three imidazole antiparasitics (albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole) sold in Benin

Loconon Achille Yemoa¹, Jacob Bonou^2,3, Ahmed Amoussa^1,2, Hélène Ahouandjinou^2,3, Roland Marini Djang’eing’a⁴ and Farid Baba-moussa^2,3¬

¹Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis (LCAM), Faculty of Health Sciences (FSS), University of Abomey-Calavi, Champ de Foire, Cotonou, Benin.

²National Laboratory of Quality Control of Medicines and Medical Consumables (LNCQ), Ministry of Health, 06 BP 139 Cotonou, Benin.

³Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Technology (LAMITA), Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Champ de Foire, Cotonou, Benin.

⁴Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Liege University, Quartier Hôpital, Av. Hippocrate 15, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.

Accepted 02 March, 2020

Abstract 

Illicit circuit of medicines disrupts the quality assurance system and the rational use of medicines. Substandard and falsified (SF) medicines present a major risk for the public health, due to lack of active ingredient and/or toxicity of certain components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of three imidazole antiparasitic medicines (albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole tablets) sold in Benin, to describe the different forms of non-compliances of the medicines sold in the illicit circuit. The samples were collected in the formal and illicit (informal) circuits. The results appeared as follows: irregularities of packaging (25.5% of samples from the illicit circuit); mass uniformity test (14.7% of samples from the illicit circuit were non-compliant); disintegration test (2.1% of samples from the illicit circuit and 3.5% from the formal circuit were non-compliant); identification (all samples were compliant) and assay (47.1% of samples from the informal circuit were non-compliant among which 26.5% of under-dosing and 20.6% of overdose). In sum, there were respectively 38.3% (i.e. 18/47) and 3.5% (i.e. 2/58) of non–compliance in the illicit and formal circuits.

Keys words: Substandard and falsified medicines, Quality assurance, Quality control, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Metronidazole.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-helicobacter pylori and protective effects of aqueous Fumaria vaillantii L extract in pylorus -ligated, indomethacin- and toxic-induced ulcers in rats

Rifat-uz-Zaman* and Attiq-ur-Rehman

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-Pakistan.

Accepted 05 October, 2019

Abstract

This paper evaluated anti-ulcer, anti-secretory and anti-helicobacter pylori effects of folkloric medicinal plant, Fumaria vaillantii L, in rats. Different toxic agents; ethanol (80%), NaOH (0.2 mol/L), NaCl (25%) and indomethacin (30 mg/kg, body weight) were used to produce acute gastric ulceration in rats. Anti-secretory studies were undertaken by using pylorus-ligation, Shay rat technique. F. vaillantii L aqueous extract (Aq-FV) was used in three doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight). Aq-FV was further tested for anti-H. pylori activity. Extract significantly attenuated gastric mucosal damage induced by toxic agents and indomethacin in rats. Aq-FV restored partially mucus secretion in indomethacin model. In pylorus-ligated rats, Aq-FV significantly reduced the basal gastric acid secretion, acidity and ulceration. Aq-FV possesses significant and more potent anti- ulcer and cytoprotective activities against experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in comparison to Omeprazole. Extract showed significant but less potent anti-H. pylori activity in comparison to Clarithromycin. Evaluation agreed with the folkloric use of F. vaillantii L as anti-ulcer and anti-secretory tool.

Key words: Fumaria vaillantii L, cytoprotection, gastric ulcer, gastric secretion, gastric wall mucus, anti-helicobacter pylori.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Gastroprotective effect of Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Mahmood Ameen Abdulla¹*, Khaled Abdul-Aziz Ahmed^1,2, Fouad Hussain AL-Bayaty³ and Yaghma Masood³

¹Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

²Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen.

³Faculty of Dentistry, University of Technology of Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Accepted 15 November, 2019

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Six groups of Wistar rats were pre-treated, respectively, with distilled water; omeprazole 20 mg/kg; and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg P. niruri leaf extract 30 min before oral administration of absolute ethanol to generate gastric mucosal injury. After one hour later, the rats were sacrificed and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls were determined. Gross evaluation has revealed that the negative control rats exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas, pre-treatment with P. niruri leaf extract resulted in significantly less gastric mucosal injury and flattening of the mucosal folds. Histological studies of the gastric wall revealed that negative control rats suffered very severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with P. niruri leaf extract where there was marked gastric protection along with reduction or inhibition of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosa. The present finding suggests that P. niruri leaf extract promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, inhibition or reduction of edema and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosa.

Key words: Phyllanthus niruri, rat, gastroprotection, ulcer.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-012, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Synthesis and antimicrobial screening of peptidyl derivatives of bromocoumarins/methylimidazoles

Rajiv Dahiya¹*, Rita Mourya¹ and Subhash Chand Agrawal²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NRI Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Accepted 18 November, 2019

Abstract

In this investigation, it was of interest to synthesize novel series of peptide analogs of 3-bromocoumarins and 2-methylimidazoles. Substituted coumarinyl-oxyacetic acids 1, 2 were synthesized by alkylation of corresponding hydroxycoumarins with chloroacetic acid. The imidazolyl derivatives 13, 14 were prepared by interaction of 2-methylimidazole with substituted/unsubstituted anthranilic acids. Coupling of compounds 1, 2, 13 and 14 with different amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides, dipeptide, tripeptide and tetrapeptide methyl esters afforded novel coumarino/imidazolopeptide derivatives 3-10 and 15-22. Selected peptide ester derivatives were further hydrolyzed by using lithium hydroxide to afford corresponding acid derivatives 11, 12 and 23, 24. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of synthesized peptide derivatives were studied against eight pathogenic microbes. Among the tested compounds, 19, 22 and its hydrolyzed analog 24 exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum audouinii, and compounds 8, 10 and 12 displayed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 g/ml.

Key words: Bromocoumarin, methylimidazole, anthranilic acid, peptide coupling, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Safety research on community pharmacies in Kocaeli

Ozlem Nazan Erdogan* and Safiye Kaya

College of Hereke Ömer Ismet Uzunyol, Kocaeli University, Marshall Campus, Korfez, 41800- Kocaeli, Turkey.

Accepted 15 October, 2020

Abstract

The aim of this research was to understand the precautionary measures of pharmacies in terms of safety issues of service. There are 322 community pharmacies in Kocaeli. Cluster sampling was used to select the community pharmacies included into the study. Four of eight regions were selected to this end. Throughout December 2005, face-to-face questionnaires were administered in 156 of 247 community pharmacists in four regions. Two thirds of community pharmacists (33.3%) have described the service area as unsafe. Eighty-eight (88) pharmacists who had inadequate safety measures in their pharmacy indicated 122 reasons. Cost accounted for 64% of these reasons, lack of necessary regulations for 31%, lack of managerial direction for 21%. Pharmacists who had not experienced any threat to security of life and property (n = 47, 40.2%) used a higher ratio of new technology methods (safety measures alarm systems to inform the police and private security firms, sensors on windows and doors, digital video recording systems). Traditional safety measures taken by pharmacists were cameras, window-guards, guns and other objects used as weapons (such as metal bars) and never being alone on night duty. 64% of pharmacists explained their safety measures against earthquake as fixing shelves to the wall. It is understood that in 56% of community pharmacies, there was no provision made for drugs which need to be kept cold during power outages. Thus, In-services needs have to be made and provided for pharmacist regarding safety issues.

Key words: Safety, management, security system, community pharmacy, drug.