International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

New and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms by complexation with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO₂(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions

Mohamed Gaber, Abdalla M. Khedr*, Ahmed S. El-Kady

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

Accepted 10 August, 2020

Abstract

A new, rapid, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms is proposed. The method is based on the reaction of xipamide with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO₂(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions to form stable colored complexes. The formed complexes have maximum absorbance at 500, 390, 335, 445, 325 and 333 nm for Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO₂(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II), respectively. Optimum conditions for determination, stoichometry and stability of the formed complexes have been determined. Beer's law is obeyed up to concentration range 54.64-1995.75 µg ml^-1 of xipamide with apparent molar absorptivities ranging from 0.43 x 10³-7.20 x 10³ l mol^-1 cm^-1. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the determination of xipamide in pure form and representative pharmaceutical formulations with high precession and good accuracy.

Keywords: Xipamide; Spectrophotmetric determination; Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO₂(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II); complexation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extract of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) leaves

^*1Nwankwo, N. Emeka, ²Egbuonu A.C. Cemaluk

¹Pharmacological Biochemistry Unit, ²Nutrition and Toxicological Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Accepted 01 August, 2020

Abstract

The leaf of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka, Eastern Nigeria was studied. The crude petroleum ether extract (CPE) and ethanol extract of the CPE residue (EER) of Loranthus micranthus Linn were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation. Results of the phytochemical screening showed that EER had proteins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars while CPE had none of these metabolites. Flavonoids was absent, while tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenes were present in CPE and EER. Results of the antimicrobial activity revealed that CPE, EER and even standard antibiotic, gentamycin did not elicit any activity against A. niger and C. albicans. CPE and EER were active against S. aureus, S paratyphyi, B. subtilis and K. spp. Furthermore, the highest inhibition was noted in CPE (25.00) against S. aureus while the least was observed in EER (14.00) against P. aeruginosa. Altogether, the study suggests that CPE and EER extracts of leaf of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka area of Eastern Nigeria may serve as source for therapeutic compounds, thereby justifying its use in alternative medicine and potential for development into orthodox drugs.

Key words: Phytochemical, antimicrobial, pharmafood, Loranthus micranthus Linn, Kola acuminata.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Medication errors associated to notification of drug allergies: Effect of computerized order entry on their prevention

Elena Villamañán¹, Yolanda Larrubia¹, Margarita Ruano¹, Marta Gallego¹, Manuel Vélez¹, Alicia Herrero², Rodolfo Álvarez-Sala³

¹Clinical Pharmacist Consultant, Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

²Head of Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

³Head of Pneumology Department, University Hospital, La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

Accepted 03 September, 2020

Abstract

Some adverse drug reactions are due to hypersensitivity reactions. Drug allergy related errors in a handwritten treatment compared with those in an electronic prescribing system, characteristics of reported allergies and economic impact were analyzed. Prospective, observational study was carried out in two phases. 1^st Phase (manual prescriptions), errors due to drug allergy were detected when pharmacists registered allergies and then warned the physician. 2^nd Phase (electronic prescription) physicians registered allergies and entered treatments in a computerized physician order entry. The program warned avoiding prescription error. 3,682 patients were included. In phase 1, the incidence of prescription errors due to drug allergy was 13.7%, while in phase 2, it was 1.5% (p<0.001). The main drugs involved were antimicrobials. 52 reported allergies (29.7%) were confirmed by a positive allergy test. Alternative therapy was needed in 45 cases (22%), of which 44.1% were due to betalactamic allergy. On average, the alternative antimicrobial treatment multiplied costs per day by 4.4 fold. Computerized physician order entry is an effective tool in preventing medication errors associated with drug allergy. It is important to verify the drug allergy, because incorrectly reported allergies lead to less efficient treatments.

Key words: Computerized prescription order entry; drug allergy; prescription errors.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-009, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Making aquatic weed as potential feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) and its impact on fatty acid profile

Mukti Pada Bag¹, Subhas Chandra Mahapatra², Pavuluri Srinivasa Rao³_, Debajyoti Chakrabarty⁴

¹Indian Institute of Technology, Rural Development Centre, Kharagpur, Paschim Medinipur,West Bengal, India.

²Indian Institute of Technology, Rural Development Centre, Kharagpur, Paschim Medinipur,West Bengal, India.

³Indian Institute of Technology, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Kharagpur, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India.

⁴Krishnagar Government College, Department of Zoology, Krishnagar, Nadia,West Bengal, India.

Accepted 01 May, 2020

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potentials of three commonly available, aquatic weeds namely, lemna (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Crassipes ) and azolla (Azolla pinnata) for ascertaining their suitability as complementary fish feed with the aim to reduce the cost of traditional feeds. Three isonitrogenous (30% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcal g⁻¹ approximately) diets were formulated including lemna, water hyacinth and azolla as principal ingredient. Three groups of juvenile fish of fifty (50) number per group (Average wt.5.5 g;Average length 4.5 cm) were fed with three different types of feeds with lemna meal (LNM), water hyacinth meal (WHM) and azolla meal (AZM) for 90 days duration. Significant difference (P<0.05) in body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and gonadosomatic index were observed among fish fed the LNM, WHM, AZM and control diets (CON). All treatments are significantly higher than control in respect to value of weight gain, PER and GSI. The lemna possibly contains better quality of protein which in turn influenced somatic as well as reproductive growth of those fish. Fish fed with three kinds of feed formulations exhibits no apparent variations with the control ,which means that the feed provide to the fish has no impact on accumulation of PUFA especially n-3PUFA. The n-3/n-6 ratio also shows little or negligible variations.

Keywords: Aquatic weed, Complementary fish feed, Isonitrigenous, Isocaloric, Juvenile fish, Protein efficiency ratio.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Elemental analysis and Anti-microbial potentials of the leaf extract of Cassia arereh Del

Adeyanju Olusola^1*, Olajide Olutayo², Afolayan Michael², Fatokun Olakunle², Edah A. O³

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria.

²Chemistry Advanced Laboratory, Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki, Abuja.

³Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria.

Accepted 21 July, 2020

Abstract

The phytochemical analysis, elemental analysis, antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cassia arereh Del. were carried out. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and terpenes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Manganese was present at a higher concentration (11.50 µg/g) followed by Zinc (3.35 µg/g). Antimicrobial studies showed that the ethanolic extract had considerable inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Eschenchia coli. Ethanolic extract had higher zone of inhibition (32 mm) against salmonella typhi at (0.5 µg/ml) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 x 10² µg/ml. The MIC ranges from 4 x 10² µg/ml to 5 x 10⁴ µg/ml for other bacteria.

Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-016, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper    

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co (II) and Cu (II) with N, O/S donor ligands and amino acids

Alka Choudhary^a, Renu Sharma^a, Meena Nagar^a*

^aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, India

Accepted 20 September, 2020

Abstract

A series of new mixed ligand complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with thiosemicarbazones/semicarbazone {(±)-5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enthiosemicarbazone (IPMCHTSC, L₁H), 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptanethiosemicarbazone (TBHTSC, L₂H) and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1]heptanesemicarbazone (TBHSC, L₃H)} and amino acids {glycine (A₁H) or DL-alanine (A₂H)} have been synthesized by the reaction of metal dichloride with ligands IPMCHTSC, TBHSC or TBHTSC and A₁H or A₂H in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes (1-12) have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, IR, FAB mass spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. On the basis of these spectral data, a square pyramidal geometry was proposed for all of these complexes. FAB mass spectroscopic studies of (1), (3) nd (4) suggest their monomeric nature. The ligands and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans. The results of these studies show the metal (II) complexes to be more antibacterial/ antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands.

Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.