ISSN 2326-7267
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the aqueous extract of Cassia arereh Del. stem-bark
S. I. Ngulde1*, S. Sanni1, U. K. Sandabe1 and D. Sani2
1Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Borno State, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
2Zonal Veterinary Clinic, Aliyu Jodi Road, P. O. Box 3232, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Accepted 24 August, 2015
Abstract
The phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the aqueous extract of Cassia arereh stem-bark were evaluated. The extract was subjected to qualitative chemical screening of active chemical constituents and disc diffusion method was performed to determine the antimicrobial properties. The results revealed the presence of tannins, phlobatannins, carbohydrate, saponin, flvonoids, terpenes and steroids while anthraquinones, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were not detected. The extracts (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Enterobacter species. However, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Candida albicans were resistant. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 50 mg/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis, and 100 mg/ml for P. aeurogenosa. It was concluded that the aqueous extract of C. arereh stem-bark contained active principles having antibacterial properties and thus support the folkloric use of the plant.
Key words: Phytochemical, aqueous extract, antimicrobial, Cassia arereh.
S. I. Ngulde*, S. Sanni, U. K. Sandabe and D. Sani
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Medicinal properties of Commiphora gileadensis
David Iluz1,2,3,4*, Miri Hoffman1, Nechama Gilboa-Garber1 and Zohar Amar3
1The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900 Israel.
2Department of Environmental Science and Agriculture, Beit Berl Academic College, Doar Beit Berl 44905, Israel.
3Talpiot College, Holon 58500, Israel.
4Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
Accepted 24 August, 2015
Abstract
Commiphora gileadensis is a plant that was cultivated in ancient times in the land of Israel, particularly in the oases of the Dead Sea Basin — Ein Gedi and Jericho. The plant, also known as balsam, was renowned for the expensive perfume that was produced from it, as well as for exceptional medicinal properties that were attributed to its sap, wood, bark, and seeds. This article presents the historical sources describing these health-related properties and preliminary laboratory studies demonstrating the pharmacological effects of balsam sap. Investigations of the antimicrobial activity of C. gileadensis showed the plant sap inhibitory effect against Bacillus cereus and the blocking of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins. These results corroborate the historical sources crediting the usefulness of balsam sap as an antiseptic agent.
Key words: Commiphora gileadensis, balsam, resin, perfume, antimicrobial effects.
David Iluz*, Miri Hoffman, Nechama Gilboa-Garber and Zohar Amar
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Integron and genotype patterns of quinolones-resistant uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI
Mojtaba Anvarinejad1*, Shohreh Farshad1, Abdolvahab Alborzi1, Reza Ranjbar2, Giovanni M. Giammanco3 and Aziz Japoni1
1Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
2Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy.
Accepted 19 February, 2019
Abstract
Uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI are the most common cause of urinary tract infections, and quinolones-resistant strains cause growing concern in developing countries. This study provides relevant data in relation to the molecular epidemiology of these isolates with respect to the distribution of integron among them and in doing so, to control the infections and adopt efficient strategies. This study was performed on 96 strains of E. COLI isolated from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections in Jahrom, Iran. Having determined the antibiotic susceptibility patterns, isolates were resistant to quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid) screened for integron classes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then the genetic patterns of the strains were compared by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Of the 96 samples, 30 were resistant to at least one of the above mentioned antibiotics. Integrons were detected in 20.8, 25 and 25% of the Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin resistant isolates, respectively. By using pulsed field gel electrophoresis among the 30 samples, we obtained 30 genetic patterns. The patterns revealed no clonal relationships between the strains. The gene cassettes observed in class 1 and 2 integrons did not correlate completely with the quinolone resistance observed in these isolates.
Key words: Quinolones-resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, integrons.
Shohreh Farshad, Mojtaba Anvarinejad*, Giovanni M. Giammanco and Aziz Japoni, Reza Ranjbar, Abdolvahab Alborzi
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (1), pp. 001-013, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch
B. Iromidayo Olu-Owolabi1, T. Adeniyi Afolabi2* and Kayode O. Adebowale1
1Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemistry, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Accepted 16 May, 2019
Abstract
The effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch BP was investigated. Corn starch was hydrothermally modified by heat moisture treatment (HMT) at 100°C, 16 h; 20% moisture level (HIC – 20), 25% moisture level (HIC – 25), and 30% moisture level (HIC – 30). The tablet formation properties were investigated using Heckel and Kawakita equation, while its tabletting properties were assessed using tensile strength, crushing strength, friability and disintegration time. The results reveal that HMT reduces the gelatinisation temperature and pasting properties of the corn starch. However, all the starches swell as the temperature is increased, HMT of the corn starch lowered the swelling power of the starch, while the solubility profile increased. The X-ray diffractometry study reveal that the native and HMT starches maintained the characteristic ‘A’ diffraction pattern of the cereal starch with strong peaks at 15.35, 17.15, 18.2 and 23.55 Å. The bulk density of the starch was in the order: HIC–30 ≈ HIC–25 > HIC–20 > NaIC, with reduction in the Carr’s index, compressibility index, and Hausner’s ratio after HMT treatment. The mean yield pressure, Py, (from Heckel analysis) which is inversely related to the ability of the materials to deform plastically under pressure, was relatively high after HMT of the corn starch. Also, the Pk values (from Kawakita analysis), which is related to the deformability of the individual powder increased after HMT of the corn starch compacts in the following order: NaIC << HIC-20 < HIC- 25 < HIC -30. The tabletting properties studied reveal a reduction in the crushing strength and tensile strength after HMT of the corn starch compacts. However, the friability of the starches increased while there was reduction in the disintegration time of the corn starch compacts after HMT. Thus, HMT of corn starch could be useful when fast disintegration, lower swelling power, and lower crushing strength are desired in tablet.
Key words: Heat moisture treatment, corn starch, tabletting properties, functional properties.
T. Adeniyi Afolabi* and Kayode O. Adebowale, B. Iromidayo Olu-Owolabi
Page: 1 - 13
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Integron-plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in clinical Salmonella enterica serovars in rural Western Kenya
David Miruka Onyango1*, Rose Kakai2, Waindi Eliud Nyandago1, B. Ghebremedhin3, W. Konig3 and B. Kong3
1Maseno University, Department of Zoology, Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya.
2Maseno University, School of Public Health and Community Development, Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya.
3Otto Von Guericke Universitat, Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Microbiology Leipziger Str. 44; D- 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
Accepted 24 October, 2015
Abstract
Integron-mediated antibiotic resistance is common among diverse Salmonella serovars. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was correlated with the presence of intergron–mediated genes in 65 Salmonella typhimurium isolates using conventional microbiological methods and PCR gene amplification. The resistance genes detected in the 20 S. typhimurium isolates were mainly those identified as part of the chromosomal multiresistance cluster balPSE-1, blaTEM and aadA. The plasmid encoded sul 1/ 2 and aphA - 1, aac (6) -1 located on the chromosome were not observed, however strB and Grm genes were observed. Genes coding for PSE -1 was predominant in the isolates as compared to TEM. The two genes were distributed differently between the various resistance phenotypes as could be observed of variability in int gene. Pathogenicity also varied in relation to individual isolate antimicrobial mechanism profile. These findings demonstrate integron mechanism as a means of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.
Key words: Intergron–mediated, Salmonella typhimurium, multiresistance, pathogenicity.
B. Ghebremedhin, Waindi Eliud Nyandago, David Miruka Onyango*, W. Konig and B. Kong, Rose Kakai
Page: 1 - 8
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 4 (12), pp. 001-014, December, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Therapy of Alzheimer’s disease: An update
Prerna Upadhyaya*, Vikas Seth and Mushtaq Ahmad
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Sitapura, Jaipur– 302022, India.
Accepted 23 June, 2015
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder manifested by deterioration in memory and cognition, impairment in performing activities of daily living, and many behavioral and neuropsychiatric illnesses. The pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is widespread neuritic plaques which are accumulations of amyloid beta protein and neurofibrillary tangles. Studies report that deficit in cholinergic system is responsible for cognitive decline and memory loss in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Various pharmacologic approaches are developed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The leading edge therapies of Alzheimer’s disease are approved drugs; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist. The experimental therapies are mostly disease modifying and have neuroprotective approaches. Gamma secretase inhibitors aim to reduce amyloid beta formation. Antioxidants, antiinflammatory agents and statins help by preventing oxidation and inflammation. PPAR gamma agonists, estrogen, heavy metal chelators, 5HT6 antagonists and nicotinic receptor agonists are other therapeutic strategies likely to alter the current treatment paradigm of Alzheimer’s disease. The behavioral abnormalities are best treated first by non-pharmacologic interventions. The pharmacological agents used for treatment of Neuropsychiatric illnesses include antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease also includes health maintenance activities and proper nursing care of the patients.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, cholinesterase inhibitors, neuroprotective agents, gamma secretase inhibitors.
Prerna Upadhyaya*, Vikas Seth and Mushtaq Ahmad
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