International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Knowledge and behavior of the pediatricians on rational use of antibiotics

Senay Cetinkaya¹* Yusuf Karata ² A. Bülent Antmen³ and S. Emre Alhan³

¹Department of Pediatrics and Nursing, School of Health, Adana Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.

²Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University Main Branch of Science, Adana, Turkey.

³Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University Main Branch of Science, Adana, Turkey.

Accepted 09 November, 2016

Abstract

This study was performed between June 17 - 20, 2009, in order to examine knowledge, behavior and the attitudes of pediatricians, who attended the 45th Turkish Congress of Pediatrics in Cappadocia, Turkey, about rational use of antibiotics and to investigate any affecting factors. This was a descriptive study that evaluated the pediatricians’ theory about rational use of antibiotics. The survey sheet used in the study was developed by the researchers in light of information in the literature. The 77.3% of the participating physicians indicated that they did not resort to antibiotics when facing flu or common cold themselves. The rate that does not approve the antibiotic prophylaxis in upper or lower respiratory infections and the urinary system infections for an otherwise healthy individual is 65.6%. When prescribing antibiotics, 89.8% indicated that they would see the patient first, 78.1% indicated that they were prescribing according to patient’s clinical condition, 71.1% reported that they paid attention to the indication appropriateness and 67.2% indicated that they would take culture samples for microbiological examination. With the increasing work experience, there is also increase in picking the answer that suggests “use of the third generation cephalosporins should be restricted to cases whose culture positivity had been proven” (p<0.05). Those with the answer “when prescribing antibiotics, I pay attention to the patient’s clinical condition” are the highest among physicians who were employed by private sector (p<0.05). A further study is suggested at this point, aiming to find out underlying reasons. Considering that this topic, the rational use of antibiotics, is being used in various symposiums and scientific activities in recent years, this study suggests we should keep paying the same attention on this scientific matter. At least, carrying out in-service trainings is suggested. Also suggested could be conducting similar researches on the fields other than pediatrics.

Key words: Antibiotics, rational use, pediatricians.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Tissue distribution of intramuscularly and intratumouraly administered DNA plasmid harbouring apoptotic gene in mice

Ruzila I.¹, Zeenathul N. A.²*, Nik-Mohd- Afizan N. A. R.¹, Sheikh-Omar A. R.², NorHidayah M.¹ and Mohd-Azmi M. L.²

¹Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 19 November 2016

Abstract

This study investigated the bio-distribution and persistence of plasmid DNA following intramuscular and intratumoural administration in a mice model. Validated quantitative method (real-time qPCR) was used to quantify plasmid distribution in the tissue samples collected at 15 min, 1 h, 24 h and 1 week after administration of 100 g (1.5 x 10¹³ copies) of naked plasmids. Plasmids remained in the circulating blood (3.6 ± 2.2 x 10²copies/500 ng gDNA) and injected muscle (2.8 ± 1.1 x 10⁵ copies/500ng gDNA) for up to 1 week post administration. Plasmids were also detected in opposite muscle, lung, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, liver and heart only 1 h post-injection or more. After 2 weeks of treatment, plasmids were retained solely in the tumor mass. These results suggest the presently used recombinant DNA plasmid was benefited with its early transgene expression characteristic which could release the anti-cancerous effect within short dwelling time.

Key words: DNA vaccine, recombinant plasmid, real-time PCR, biodistribution.

Key words: Misuse, self-prescription, antibiotics.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (1), pp. 184-193, January, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Medication prescription policy for Nigerian physiotherapists: perception of orthopaedic surgeons and neurologists on educational training and clinical management plans

Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim*, Raji Aderonke Oluwatomilayo, Soetan Oluyemisi Adebisi, Ibikunle Adeoye Folorunsho

Department of Medical Rehabilitation Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Received 20 October, 2016; Revised 11 November, 2016; Accepted 14 November, 2016 and Published 30 January, 2017

Abstract

In Nigeria, general medical doctors objected to physiotherapists assuming the responsibility of being supplementary prescribers. It is unknown if Nigerian specialist doctors (Orthopaedic Surgeons and Neurologists) will have different opinion on supplementary prescription (SP) policy. 71 orthopaedic surgeons and 53 neurologists were recruited using purposive sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain bio-data, awareness on SP, knowledge about Clinical Management Plan and duration of educational training required. Descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The number of specialist doctors who were aware of the prescription status of physiotherapists outside Nigeria as supplementary prescriber was significantly higher than those unaware (X² = 9.96, P = 0.02),. A high proportion (62.3 - 98%) of the specialists had good knowledge of Clinical Management Plan as required in SP policy. About half of the Orthopaedic Surgeons opined that 24-30 weeks educational training would be adequate for physiotherapists who did not have previous pharmacology education while most neurologists opined that a period greater than 12 weeks would be sufficient as training duration for those with previous education. It was concluded that most specialist doctors were aware of the prescription status of physiotherapists outside Nigeria as supplementary prescribers. Both Orthopaedic Surgeons and neurologists understood what are required in drawing CMP with allied health professionals as required in the policy. A period greater than 12 weeks would be sufficient for educational training for those who had previous pharmacology education while 24-30 weeks would be adequate for those without previous formal education.

Keywords: Drug prescription policy, Nigerian physiotherapists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists, educational training, clinical management plans.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 001-010, December, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of intra-uterine injection of H₂ receptor blockers on implantation in albino Wistar rats

Shyam S. Agrawal* and Sibi P. Ittiyavirah

Department of Pharmacology, Antifertility and Infertility Research Center, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, New Delhi-110017, India.

Accepted 22 July, 2016

Abstract

The role of histamine in various stages of female reproductive functions is now understood. The anti-implantation activity of various H₂ receptor blockers had been established earlier by our laboratory. The present studies were conducted to evaluate the local effects of direct intra-uterine injection of H₂ receptor blockers on implantation in albino Wistar rats. The individual administration of ranitidine, famotidine and roxatidine by direct intra-uterine injection on Day 4 of pregnancy in female albino Wistar rats produced 100% anti-fertility activity probably by acting on the H₂ receptors on the blastocyst. Control group animals delivered normal litters. Unilateral injection of roxatidine inhibited implantation in the treated and contralateral uterine horns of rats indicating its systemic as well as local anti-implantation activity while ranitidine and famotidine showed only the local effects on the treated uterine horns suggesting the blockade of locally derived uterine histamine in implantation. Histopathological examination of uterus revealed the absence of morphological damage to the endometrial epithelium. It is concluded that, the intra-uterine application of H₂ receptor blockers prevents conception in rats.

Key words: Anti-implantation activity H₂ receptor blockers, ranitidine, famotidine, roxatidine, intra-uterine injection, implantation.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 001-004, December, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba (Linn.) leaves extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats

M. G. Hogade¹*, K. S. Patil², G. H Wadkar³, S. S Mathapati², P. B Dhumal³

¹Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation School of Pharmacy, Educity, Additional MIDC, Latur, Maharashtara, India.

²Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, K.L.E.S’s College of Pharmacy, JNMC Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum-590010 (Karnataka), India.

³Shivlingeshwar College of Pharmacy, Hasegav (Maharashtra), India.

Accepted 14 August, 2016

Abstract

The aim of the study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatotoxicity. Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatotoxicity using Standard drug Liv-52. Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin.) and histological (damage to hepatocytes) using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl₄ in the liver. The present study shows that the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity.

Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective, leaves extracts of Morus alba Linn.