International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-007, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Rachel de Aguiar Cassiani, Carla Manfredi dos Santos, José Antonio Baddini Martinez, *Roberto Oliveira Dantas

Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.

*Departamento de Clinica Médica Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto USP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil.

Accepted 21 July, 2020

Abstract

Patients with chronic pulmonary diseases may have difficulties with breathing during meals. Our objective in this investigation was to evaluate oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We evaluated 16 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a stable phase of the disease and 15 healthy volunteers. The oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured by pulse oximetry for 10 minutes before the ingestion of a solid meal with 1800 calories, during the ingestion, and 10 minutes after the ingestion. Mean oxygen saturation was always lower in patients than in the normal volunteers. Healthy volunteers had no significant change in mean oxygen saturation during the meal, but oxygen saturation decreased after the meal (p<0.001). In patients, mean oxygen saturation decreased during and after the meal compared to the results before the meal (p<0.01). Heart rate was always higher in patients compared with volunteers. In both groups, heart rate was higher during and after the meal compared with the values before the meal (p<0.01), with the same increase in patients and volunteers. We conclude that eat causes a decrease in oxygen saturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Key words: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oxygen saturation, heart rate, swallowing, digestion, respiration

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-010, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Thermosensitive poloxamer-based injectables as controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use: Development and in-vitro evaluation

Bermudez J.M.¹* and Grau R.²

¹Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Buenos Aires 177, A4402FDC Salta, Argentina

²Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

Accepted 18 August, 2020

Abstract

The aim of this work was to explore the potential of combining two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride for their utilization in the design of thermosensitive injectable depot systems for drug release. These delivery platforms were designed by combination of two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride. The addition of 10-15% w/w P188 in the poloxamer solution containing 28% w/w P407 allowed optimal gelation temperatures (24-28 °C) and a quick gelation process (30 s). The addition of 0.1% w/w of κ-carrageenan increased 3-fold the gel strength and did not change gelation temperature, compared with P407/P188 (28/15% w/w) alone. On the other hand, sodium chloride increased the gel strength and decreased the gelation temperature as a function of its concentration. In IN-VITRO release experiments, κ-carrageenan decreased the release rate of progesterone and reduced significantly the gel erosion in 48 h. This study demonstrates that addition of κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride into poloxamers blends can be considered a useful tool to design thermosensitive platforms, if added in suitable amounts. In conclusion, this system offers a promising alternative to development of injectable depot controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use.

Keywords: Drug delivery, In situ forming gel, injectable depot, poloxamer; veterinary use

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-009, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative study between effect of angiotensin converting enzyme  inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Azza H. El-Medany¹, Aida A. Guemei², Hanan H. Hagar³, Jamila H.El-Medany⁴, Azza M Baraka⁵,

^1/3Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine at King Khalid University Hospital, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine at  King Khalid University Hospital, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

^2/5Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine-Alexandria University-Alexandria-Egypt

Accepted 29 June, 2020

Abstract

Accumulating data suggest the involvement of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of captopril and valsartan on acetic acid induced- ulcerative colitis in rats. The results were assessed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations of colonic tissues as ell as by biochemical measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-β₁), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), reduced glutathione (GSH) and platelet activating factor (PAF) levels in colonic tissues. Oral treatment with captopril or valsartan in a dose of 30 mg kg^-1 body weight, starting one day before induction of colitis and continuing for 1 week (prophylactic groups) or starting one week after induction of colitis and continuing for another one week (therapeutic groups), significantly reduced MDA, TNF-α, PAF, TGF-β1 and significantly increased colonic GSH in colonic tissues as compared to acetic acid control groups. Captopril and valsartan attenuated the macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage induced by acetic acid. No significant difference between the effect of either drug could be detected other than the significant decrease in ACE activity in colonic tissue exerted by captopril and not by valsartan, These results suggest that either captopril or valsartan may be effective in prophylaxis as well as in treatment of ulcerative colitis through targeting RAS.

Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, captopril, valsartan, angiotensin converting enzyme, reduced glutathione, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-007, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA  NITIDA) and caffeine diets on exploration, anxiety and fear in Swiss white mice

Elizabeth. B. Umoren^1*, E. E. Osim¹ and P. B. Udoh²

¹Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar,

²Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Accepted 15 July 2020

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA NITIDA) and caffeine-diets on exploration, anxiety and fear related behaviours in Swiss white mice. The study was carried out on 30 adult Swiss white mice of both sexes weighing 15.0 to 30.0g using the open field apparatus, the light/dark transition box and the elevated plus-maze. The frequency of rearing for mice fed kola nut diet did not differ significantly compared to control, this was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the caffeine-fed mice compared to control. This trend was also similar for grooming. The kola nut and the caffeine-fed mice spent more time in the light portion of the light/dark transition box than in the dark portion of the box when compared to the control (P<0.01). The frequency of stretch-attend postures in both the light and dark portions of the light/dark transition box were significantly lower for both the kola nut-fed and caffeine-fed mice when compared to the control group (P<0.01). In the elevated plus-maze, the duration of entry into the open arm for the kola nut-fed (P<0.05) and caffeine-fed (P<0.01) were significantly higher when compared to the control. This was lower in the close arm for the kola nut-fed (P<0.05) and caffeine-fed (P<0.01) when compared to the control. These results indicate that chronic consumption of kola nut and caffeine decrease anxiety and fear related behaviours in Swiss white mice. However, caffeine diets-fed mice seemed to have a more potent effect in decreasing anxiety and fear while increasing exploration. Hence, the effect of kola nut on exploration, anxiety and fear may not be due to caffeine only.

Key words: Kola nut, caffeine, exploration, anxiety and fear.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-007, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the aqueous extract of Ficus platyphylla in female albino rats

¹Chinenye J. Ugwah-Oguejiofor^*, ²Shaibu O. Bello, ²Emmanuel U. Etuk, ³Vincent U. Igbokwe, ⁴Oguejiofor M. Ugwah, ⁵Raymond U. Okolo

¹Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Dan fodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria

²Department of Pharmacology, College of health Sciences, Usmanu Dan fodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria

³Department of Physiology, College of health Sciences, Usmanu Dan fodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria

⁴Department of Pharmacy, Usmanu Dan fodiyo University Teaching hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

⁵Department of Anatomy, College of health Sciences, Usmanu Dan fodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria

Accepted 12 July, 2020

Abstract

Ficus platyphylla Del. Holl. known as gutta percha tree, grows widely in the Northern part of Nigeria. It has been used traditionally to promote fertility. The present study was aimed to investigate the safety of Ficus platyphylla. Phytochemical, acute and repeat dose toxicity studies were conducted on aqueous extract of the leaves, seeds and bark of Ficus platyphylla. A Limit dose of 3000mg/kg of the aqueous extract was administered orally to female albino rats in sequence to test for acute toxic effect. A dose of 700mg/kg was administered orally daily for 28days to another group of female albino rats to ascertain the repeat dose effect. The control group of female albino rats received 5ml/kg of distilled water (diluent of the aq. extract) for 28days.Phytochemical studies revealed that the extract contains saponins (1%), tannins (16.75%), flavonoids (24.3%), volatile oils, glycosides (2.47%) and steroids. The acute toxicity results showed that the extract has LD₅₀ above 3000mg/kg and repeat dose toxicity studies of the extract revealed possible damage to the glomeruli of rat kidney. Though the extract is relatively safe, its prolong use may carry risk of renal damage.

Keywords: Toxicity, Ficus platyphylla, Albino rats, Phytochemical studies.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals