ISSN 2326-7267
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-005, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn)
O. O. Igbinosa1*, E. O. Igbinosa2 and O. A. Aiyegoro2
1University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine, Goldenrock, Sint Eustatius, Netherland-Antilies.
2Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
Accepted 16 March, 2011
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic, methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark of Jatropha curcas were investigated. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 5 to 12, 8 to 20 and 0 to 8 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respect-ively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract was between 0.5 and 6.25 mgml-1 while that of methanol extract ranged from 0.5 to 10 mgml-1. The minimum bactericidal concen-tration (MBC) for ethanol extract ranged between 2.0 and 12.50 mgml-1, while that of methanol ranged from 2.0 to 20 mgml-1. Again all the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the fungal species investigated. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the test fungal species ranged between 15 and 18, 15 and 20 and 5 and 10 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, steroids, tannin, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The ability of the crude stem extracts of J. curcas to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.
Key words: Jatropha curcas, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
E. O. Igbinosa and O. A. Aiyegoro, O. O. Igbinosa*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Pharmaceutical potentials of the oils of some popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria
K. E. Ekpo1*, A. O. Onigbinde1 and I. O. Asia2
1Department of Biochemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
Accepted 13 March, 2011
Abstract
Macrotermes bellicosus (MB), Imbrasia belina larva (IBL), Oryctes rhinoceros larva (OR) and Rhynchophorus pheonicis (RP) larva oils were extracted, and the oils were physically and chemically characterized. The lipid content recorded for the insects were 31.46 ± 0.57%, 15.16 ± 0.18%, 14.87 ± 0.33% and 23.30 ± 0.33% (wet weight) for MB, IBL, OR and RP respectively. RP and OR insect oils were golden yellow, odourless and fluid at room temperature (26 ± 2oC), while that extracted from IBL and MB were of a lighter yellow colour. The insect lipids all gave a low solidification temperature and high iodine number indicating a relatively high level of unsaturation of the insect/larval oils. Their saponification values were high suggesting the presence of a fair amount of fatty acids but their acid values were low pointing to the fact that these fatty acids were not free but esterified acids. The cholesterol values were also low but highest in MB with a value of 41.8 ± 0.15 mg/100 g lipid. For all the insects, the neutral lipid fraction was the major fraction in the insect oils. RP had the highest neutral lipid fraction of 88.40 while MB had the least value of 69.87. At the same time MB had the highest phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 19.14 and 10.81 respectively while RP had the least phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 8.20 and 2.60 respectively. For IBL, RP and OR (which are insect larvae) the major fatty acids in the oils were palmitic and oleic acids while for MB (mature insect) the major fatty acids were palmitic and linoleic acids. The insect/larval oils contained more unsaturated fatty acids which explained the high iodine number, low solidification values and the liquid nature of the oils at room temperature. OR recorded the highest level of unsaturation of 65.61 while MB had the least level of unsaturation of 50.02%. Further analysis revealed a refractive index ranging from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 1.3 ± 0.05, specific gravity of 0.84 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01, solidification value of 10 - 14°C, total lipid phosphorus ranging from 31.0 ± 0.25 to 47.18 ± 0.03 mg/gm lipid, acid value of 3.12 ± 0.55 to 3.6 ± 0.06, iodine value of 108 ± 0.15 to 140 ± 0.51, saponification value of 187.17 ± 0.55 to 198.9 ± 0.25 and unsaponifiable matter of 8.11 ± 0.02 to 12.04 ± 0.11. These values when compared with that observed in oils which have been considered to be of high quality and of much use in pharmaceutical industries suggest that these insect oils may have pharmaceutical potential.
Key words: Macrotermes bellicosus, Imbrasia belina, Oryctes rhinoceros Rhynchophorus pheonicis, pharmaceutical potential.
K. E. Ekpo*, A. O. Onigbinde and I. O. Asia
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Quantitative structure activity relationship studies for new antimicrobial N2- substituted phenazines
Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom1* and Moawia Al-Tabakha2
1Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates.
2Ajman University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Fujairah 2202, United Arab Emirates.
Accepted 09 April, 2011
Abstract
The increased availability of iminophenazines with polar substitute in the N2- side chain (notably B826 with a (3- diethylaminopropyl) imino substituent) in the spleen of mice following oral administration prompted an investigation of a possible correlation between the partition coefficient (log P) values and electronic properties expressed by s* with the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice. The correlation studies between log P values and the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice showed a poor correlation coefficient (r = 0.515), while a much better correlation was obtained using the electronic parameter s*, where the correlation coefficient was 0.911, indicating the significance of the electronic factor in relation to the transport of the compounds to the spleen of mice, despite the high lipophilicity of the iminophenazines.
Key words: QSAR, iminophenazines, partition coefficient, electronic parameter.
Moawia Al-Tabakha, Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom*
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-010, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Pharmacognostical standardization of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl and phytochemical studies on its crude extracts
Palanisamy Selvamani1, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen2 and Jayanta Kumar Gupta3*
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024, India.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384001, India.
3Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India.
Accepted 21 April, 2011
Commiphora genus of Burseraceae family comprises of more than 175 species. Among them many species have been reported with diverse medicinal potential. Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl is a member of this genus and has been reported to have potential use in folklore medicine to treat various ailments such as ulcer, infection, loss of appetite etc. To supplement the necessary information for the systematic identification and authentication of this particular species, pharmacognostic standardization of various parts of this plant as per WHO guidelines and phytochemical studies on various crude extracts obtained from the stem bark of this plant were carried out and reported.
Key words: Commiphora berryi, burseraceae, pharmacognostical standardization, phytochemical studies, TLS, LS, RLS.
Dhrubo Jyoti Sen and Jayanta Kumar Gupta*, Palanisamy Selvamani
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Industries formulating oral antimicrobial suspensions in Nigeria
Mukhtar, M. D.1*, Oyeyi T. I.1 and Ameh, J. B.2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, P. M. B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Accepted 11 March, 2011
Abstract
Pharmaceutical Companies concerned with the manufacture and trading of the commonest varieties of Oral antimicrobial suspensions in Nigeria were identified. This was prompted by an effort to provide a clue to the current Pharmaceutical Industrial growth of the country. This was achieved through a survey conducted to identify the number, distribution location as well as the product of the industries with the aid of questionnaires distributed to manufacturers (Pharmacists and Sales representatives) . Presence of the products was assessed through consultation with whole sales and patent medicine dealers in Kano market one of the main drug distribution foci in Nigeria drug market. A total of 62 functional factories, unevenly distributed in ten states of the federation were identified. There were 26 (41.93%) in Lagos, 12 (19. 35%) in Kano five (8.06%) in Enugu. Imo, Kwara and Ogun States had four (6.45%) each. There were three (4.83) in Oyo, Anambra had two (3.23%) but Osun and Niger State haboured one (1.61%) in each case. The industries formulated one or more among Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampiclox, augmentin, Cloxacillin, Choramphenicol, Co-trimazole, Chloroquine erythromycin and metronidazole suspensions presented in various trade names. The study confirmed the proliferation of local Pharmaceutical manufacturing companies capable of producing one or more first choice antimicrobial suspension for use in chemotherapy. This seems as a mark of industrial progress in Nigeria today.
Keywords: Oral antimicrobial suspension, industries, Nigeria.
M. D.*, Oyeyi T. I. and Ameh, J. B., Mukhtar
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2011. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of Faidherbia albida on some biochemical parameters of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Tijani A. Y*1, Uguru M. O2, Salawu O. A1, Abubakar A3., Onyekwelu N. O3. and Akingbasote J. A.1
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu-Abuja, P.M.B 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
3Biochemistry and Chemotherapy Divisions, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Vom, Plateau State Nigeria.
Accepted 05 March, 2011
Abstract
Current drugs used in the management of African Trypanosomiasis are toxic and can encounter parasite resistance, hence the need for urgent, less toxic and readily available alternative source of trypanocide. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of the stem bark of Faidherbia albida in albino rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain Lafia/CT/66/NITR was evaluated. The oral acute toxicity of the extract was determined in rats. Parasitaemia was determined and estimated daily while the packed cell volume (PCV), Total protein, albumin, globulin and free fatty acid were determined at days 5 and 10 post treatment. The results showed that the oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 5000 mg extract/ Kg body weight. There was prolongation of life in the treated groups when compared to the negative control. The administration of the extract led to a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in Total protein, albumin, and packed cell volume levels while the globulin and free fatty acid levels decreased significantly (P<0.01). It is suggested that the hydro-alcoholic extract of F. albida is trypanostatic and effective in the management of anaemia induced by Trypanosoma brucei brucei in rats
Key words: Trypanosome brucei brucei, Faidherbia albida, PCV, Free fatty acid.
Onyekwelu N. O. and Akingbasote J. A, Salawu O. A, Uguru M. O, Abubakar A., Tijani A. Y*
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